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Butterflies are not only one of nature's most beautiful creatures, but they also play a crucial role in sustaining ecosystem health. These insects act as pollinators, indicators of environmental well-being, and a food source for other animals. However, human activities such as habitat destruction, pesticide use, and climate change threaten their survival. This article explores the significant roles butterflies play in ecosystems and offers strategies to help protect them, ensuring their continued contribution to biodiversity and ecological balance.

This article talks about how important dairy farming is for many farmers in villages. It gives regular income to millions of small farmers. But many farmers face problems like low milk production, expensive feed, sick animals, and no good place to store or sell milk. The article explains ways to do better dairy farming, like keeping good cow breeds, feeding animals well, giving vaccines on time, and keeping everything clean during milking. It also tells how using machines to milk cows and coolers to store milk can stop milk from going bad. Farmers can earn more by making products like curd and ghee from milk, and by selling directly through groups or using phones and the internet. The government is helping farmers with better tools, training, and markets so they can earn more, improve their family life, and support women who work hard in dairy farming.

Zoonotic diseases are infections that can be transmitted between animals and humans. These diseases pose a major threat to public health, livestock productivity, and the livelihoods of farmers worldwide. Individuals who work closely with animals, such as farmers, veterinarians, and livestock handlers, are at a higher risk of exposure to zoonotic pathogens. Common zoonotic diseases associated with livestock include brucellosis, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, and rabies. These infections can spread through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated milk, animal products, or vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes. Awareness, early detection, and preventive measures play an important role in controlling the spread of zoonotic infections. Proper farm hygiene, vaccination of animals, use of protective equipment, and safe handling of milk and meat products can significantly reduce the risk of transmission. Strengthening collaboration between veterinary and human health sectors through the One Health approach is essential for effective disease management. Protecting both farmers and animals from zoonotic diseases is crucial for improving public health, ensuring food safety, and promoting sustainable livestock production.

This article examines the emerging role of carbon credits in India as a tool for linking climate change mitigation with sustainable agricultural development. Rapid industrialization and rising greenhouse gas emissions have intensified global warming, creating serious challenges for agriculture and rural livelihoods. Carbon credit mechanisms, introduced under international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and strengthened through the Paris Agreement, allow emission reductions to be traded in global markets. The article highlights how Indian farmers can generate carbon credits by adopting climate-smart practices such as agroforestry, conservation agriculture, zero tillage, direct seeded rice, cover cropping, and biochar application. These practices enhance soil carbon sequestration, improve soil health, and increase farm resilience while providing farmers with an additional source of income through participation in emerging carbon markets.

The rapid growth of dairy and poultry farming has created demand for innovative technologies that reduce costs, improve animal welfare, and increase productivity. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are now transforming traditional practices into smart farming systems. In dairy farming, AI-powered automated milking parlors, wearable sensors, and precision feed management tools help monitor cow health, detect oestrus cycles, optimize feed conversion, and improve milk yield (Patel et al., 2022). Poultry production is also advancing through AI-driven environmental control, harmful gas monitoring, disease prediction, and vaccination robots (Patel et al., 2022; Jebari et al., 2023). Recent innovations such as the Poultry-Edge-AI-IoT system demonstrate how real-time monitoring and predictive analytics can reduce mortality and improve efficiency in largescale farms (Jebari et al., 2023). Together, AI and IoT enable farmers to make informed decisions, enhance productivity, and ensure sustainability while meeting consumer demands for quality milk, meat, and eggs. Wider adoption and affordable solutions for smallholders will further accelerate the digital revolution in livestock farming (Patel et al., 2022).

Livestock farming is an important part of agriculture and provides food, income, and employment for many rural families. Goats are especially valuable because they adapt well to different environments and provide milk, meat, fiber, and manure. However, livestock animals are often affected by parasitic infections, which reduce growth, milk production, and overall health. These parasites spread through contaminated pasture, feed, and water. Regular deworming and the use of anthelmintic drugs help control these parasites and improve animal productivity. Proper management practices such as balanced nutrition, sanitation, and health monitoring are also important. Effective parasite control is necessary for healthy livestock and sustainable farming.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are well known around the world for their exceptional marine biodiversity and spectacular coral reef ecosystems. Marine ornamental fishes are one of these resources that are imperative to the global aquarium commerce. They support livelihoods but also raise concerns about reef impairment as a result of careless wild collection. Marine ornamental fish culture, which involves the controlled breeding and raising of ornamentals, provides a sustainable alternative that strikes a balance between economic development and conservation. The scope, methods, recompenses, and difficulties of Andaman marine ornamental fish culture, emphasizing its potential as a sustainable source of income for coastal communities while preserving delicate reef habitats.

Agriculture in India plays a crucial role in the country?s economy, providing nearly 70 % of rural employment and contributing a significant share to the national GDP. However, the agricultural sector faces several challenges such as climate change, price volatility, pest and disease outbreaks, and the lack of effective decision support systems. In this context, Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools have become increasingly important, as they can help address many of these challenges through various AI models that can predict and manage potential risks in advance. In this way, AI is becoming a key player in Indian agriculture, and its importance is expected to grow even further in the future.

The continuous rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has emerged as one of the most critical global environmental challenges, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable climate mitigation strategies. In this context, agriculture holds significant potential as a natural carbon sink through the process of carbon sequestration, particularly when managed under organic farming systems that emphasize soil health and ecological sustainability. Organic farming enhances carbon storage by increasing soil organic matter, stimulating beneficial microbial activity, and avoiding the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Several organic management practices?including diversified crop rotations, green manuring, application of compost and farmyard manure, reduced soil disturbance, and integration of livestock?facilitate the capture, accumulation, and long-term stabilization of atmospheric carbon in the soil. Empirical evidence suggests that well-managed organic and biodynamic farming systems can significantly enhance soil carbon stocks while simultaneously improving soil fertility, biological diversity, and overall farm productivity. Although the large-scale adoption of organic farming may face challenges such as the need for greater technical knowledge, higher labor requirements, and potential short-term yield variability, these limitations can be effectively overcome through capacitybuilding initiatives, supportive government policies, and appropriate economic incentives. Consequently, organic farming represents a promising and sustainable pathway for climate change mitigation while simultaneously strengthening agricultural resilience and rural livelihoods.

Moringa oleifera, commonly known as the drumstick tree, has gained considerable scientific attention due to its rich phytochemical composition and diverse pharmacological properties. The plant contains multiple bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, isothiocyanates, glucosinolates, and alkaloids, which collectively contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. This review summarizes the major bioactive constituents of M. oleifera and highlights their mechanisms of action in relation to chronic disease prevention and health promotion.

Fish farming now produces more than half of all fish eaten worldwide. With this growth, many certification programs have emerged claiming that fish is "responsibly farmed." Understanding these labels is important for both farmers and consumers. This article explains different certification schemes in simple language, including ASC, BAP, Global G.A.P., organic certifications, and animal welfare programs. It also discusses recent changes in 2025-2026 and offers practical advice for farmers considering certification and consumers making purchasing decisions.

Lobsters are economically valuable crustaceans that are a part of the global fisheries and aquaculture. However, production losses are high due to disease outbreaks and unsuitable environmental conditions. Tail fan Necrosis (TFN) syndrome is a degenerative disease of the tail fans of lobsters and crayfish, especially the telson and uropods. The disease is characterised by melanisation, blister formation, exoskeletal erosion, and eventual necrosis of the affected tissues. Various hypotheses have been proposed, including bacterial and viral invasion, mechanical damage, environmental stress, and physiological abnormalities. Due to its complex and multifactorial nature, TFN is often described as a ?wicked problem? in the lobster industry. This article discusses the occurrence, clinical signs, possible causes, and management challenges associated with Tail Fan Necrosis syndrome.

Antibiotics have played a vital role in controlling infectious diseases and improving human and animal health. However, the widespread misuse and overuse of antibiotics in humans, livestock, and agriculture have resulted in a serious global challenge known as antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Resistant bacteria reduce the effectiveness of commonly used medicines, making infections more difficult and costly to treat and increasing the risk of treatment failure. AMR is no longer limited to hospitals but has become a growing concern in communities, food systems, and the environment. This article discusses the public health importance of antimicrobial resistance, highlights key global statistics, and emphasizes the role of responsible antibiotic use in daily life. The need for coordinated action involving humans, animals, and the environment is highlighted to ensure the continued effectiveness of antibiotics and protect public health for future generations.

Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is recognized as one of the most important viral threats to the global tilapia aquaculture industry, especially to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). TiLV is a negative-sense RNA virus classified as a member of the family Amnoonviridae. This virus targets vital organs such as the liver and brain, leading to syncytial hepatitis, hepatocellular necrosis, systemic infection, and a short incubation period. Fry and juvenile tilapia are highly susceptible to TiLV, making hatchery and nursery systems highly vulnerable to devastating outbreaks. At present, there are limited control strategies to combat this devastating tilapia disease, and although antibiotics are of no use in combating this viral infection, the use of vaccine is still under evaluation. Recent scientific findings suggest that seaweed bioactive compounds are a new class of natural antiviral substances that are effective in controlling TiLV. In this context, the antiviral effect of marine macroalgal extracts has been proven to show a positive effect in vitro and in vivo. Seaweed supplements are known to show a positive effect in tilapia, and dietary seaweed supplements are known to show a positive effect in tilapia, which helps to improve hematological parameters, innate immunity, antioxidant enzyme activities, and antiviral gene expression.

The recent growth of aquaculture has increased the risks associated with disease outbreaks, excessive use of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance, and sustainable environmental management. Recent evidence has emphasized the potential of probiotics as novel biological resources for enhancing fish health and production efficiency. Probiotics, given as feed or water supplements, improve growth performance, feed efficiency, immune ability, and metabolism in aquatic animals. The fish gut contains a diverse and complex microbial community that is primarily involved in digestion, nutrient uptake, and immune responses. Probiotic supplementation can modulate this core microbiota, increase digestive enzyme secretion, and optimize lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, leading to improved feed conversion efficiency and physiological resistance. Moreover, probiotics can boost innate immunity by competitive exclusion, production of antimicrobial substances, and regulation of immune-related gene expression. Current developments focus on host-specific strain selection and the development of next-generation probiotics. In this way, probiotics play a significant role in sustainable aquaculture, as they reduce the use of antibiotics and minimize waste output in the environment. In conclusion, probiotics are essential elements in precision health management approaches. They promote productivity, disease resistance, and sustainability in modern aquaculture.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a vital perennial crop grown in tropical regions, offering significant socio-economic and ecological benefits. However, traditional cultivation practices in coconut farming are increasingly unsustainable due to labor shortages, declining productivity, and gender disparities. Mechanization presents a promising avenue for sustainable coconut cultivation by reducing drudgery, improving operational efficiency, and fostering inclusive development. This paper explores the current mechanization technologies in coconut farming, evaluates their impact on sustainability and gender equity, and offers policy and research recommendations for scaling mechanization in tropical agriculture.