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Extension organizations are a lifeline for rural and farming communities, especially in times of crisis. Whether responding to a natural disaster or navigating a global health emergency like COVID-19, these organizations have proven essential. This article reflects on how extension systems have adapted and responded during such crises, the obstacles they've encountered, and what they've learned along the way. It also emphasizes the value of proactive planning, community trust, and flexible service delivery.

Over the last few years mobile phones have transitioned from mere communication devices to potent drivers of education and empowerment in rural India. In agricultural extension services mobile phones play an important role in providing real-time access to critical information like weather conditions, pest management methods, market prices, and expert guidance. With India having more than 1.2 billion mobile connections and the rural areas accounting for more than half of it, mobile based learning solutions have become more feasible backed by initiatives like Digital India and BharatNet. Mobile technologies reduce the geographical and budgetary constraints of conventional extension services by delivering location-based content in local languages through SMS, voice calls, applications, etc. Platforms like Kisan Suvidha and eNAM offer farmers with real-time information and enhanced market access while platforms like IFFCO Kisan and UMANG facilitate expert guidance, financial literacy, and access to government schemes. Mitigating the drawbacks such as digital illiteracy, gender disparity, connectivity, and the absence of localized content through targeted policy measures, investments in digital infrastructure, and inclusive education mechanisms is the need of the hour.

Agriculture continues to be the backbone of Indian economy and principal source of livelihood of rural families largely by small and marginal farmers and ensuring the food and nutritional security. These farmers are confronted with a number of issues of credit, input supply, proper linkage with market and so on. Women farmers are behind in adopting the drudgery reduction technologies followed by health and nutrition of farm families. Their livelihood can be improved by using different strategies of information and communication technologies (ICTs), capacity building, fight against climate change and enhancing food production. Budgetary requirements also needs to be taken care of. Market-oriented research and investment also must be enhanced to protect our farmers from glut situation and earning more income by utilising the concept of FPOs/FPCs in broader perspective.(Kumar et al., 2020).

The Shree Anna Abhiyan - Odisha Millet Mission is an innovative program introduced by the Odisha Government aimed at revitalizing millet farming and enhancing nutritional security, sustainable agriculture, and rural livelihoods. Launched in 2017 and further developed under the national Shree Anna initiative in conjunction with the International Year of Millets 2023, the mission prioritizes the reintroduction of traditional millets into agricultural practices and eating habits, especially in tribal and rainfed areas. Employing a collaborative approach that involves farmers, women's self-help groups, NGOs, and research institutions, the mission promotes organic farming, value addition, market access, and the incorporation of millets into public nutrition initiatives such as the Mid-Day Meal and ICDS programs. By tackling both ecological and nutritional obstacles, the Odisha Millet Mission has become a model for inclusive and climate-resilient agricultural advancement, receiving national acclaim for its innovative and community-focused strategy.

West Bengal's unparalleled legacy in arts and crafts- as seen in architectural terracotta marvels, fine muslin and silk-stems from its village-based cottage industries and remains the backbone of its rural economy. Recent interventions have lifted artisans- average monthly earnings from 3,000 to 8,000 (Department of MSME&T,) and grown the UNESCO partnered- Rural Craft Hub from 3,000 to 25,000 beneficiaries across ten traditional crafts. The 2023 Hasta Shilpa Mela, with 59 pavilions and around 7,000 artisans, generated over 70 crore in sales and attracted up to 65,000 weekend visitors (Mp et al., 2023). National programmes like the Ambedkar Hastshilp Vikas Yojana have boosted infrastructure, training and credit support, while handicrafts now account for 8.21 percent of India's textile and apparel exports (Ministry of Textiles, 2024). Despite challenges in modernizing production and reducing middlemen margins, expanding e-commerce and direct-to-consumer bazaars point toward a more sustainable, inclusive future for Bengal's living heritage.

The switch to grow rice in DSR decreases adverse environmental impacts, labor requirements, and the amount of water needed to reach maturity. Farmers can gain greatly from the direct-seeded rice system, but the key drawback is lack of standing water encourages the growth of weeds, which significantly reduces rice output. Notwithstanding all of the benefits, the potential yield losses due to massive weed growth threats DSR and might lower output by as much as 50%. The trend for an increase in herbicide use has been reinforced by the spread of DSR. Many researchers working on weed management in DSR are in opinion that suitable herbicides are feasible choice as compared to hand weeding. Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, moisture, light, and space, which drastically reduces crop productivity and development. Weed floras have quick response to management practices and environmental conditions, hence various herbicides are vital for managing weed problems.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.), an ancient pseudo-cereal native to the Andean highlands, has emerged as a promising crop for sustainable agriculture due to its exceptional nutritional qualities and adaptability to stress conditions. Quinoa contains all nine essential amino acids, with protein content ranging from 14-18%, significantly higher than most cereals. Globally, quinoa production has increased from 80,000 tonnes in 2009 to over 200,000 tonnes in 2023, indicating rising demand. Its ability to thrive in drought-prone, saline, and marginal soils makes it ideal for climate-resilient farming, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In India, pilot projects in Rajasthan and Gujarat have shown yields of 8-12 quintals/ha under low-input conditions. Despite this potential, challenges such as limited agronomic knowledge outside South America, poor seed availability, and lack of established market chains persist. It also highlights opportunities including quinoa's ability to grow in saline and drought-prone soils, its suitability for organic and low-input farming systems, and its emerging role in food security and income generation for smallholder farmers. The study underscores the need for targeted research, policy support, and capacity-building initiatives to integrate quinoa into diversified and sustainable agricultural systems worldwide.

The growth and yield of many crops that are crucial to agriculture have been negatively impacted by the challenges that arise from a number of known and unknown abiotic and biotic stresses imposed on by population growth, global warming, and other possible climatic causes. Stay-green (SG) is a secondary characteristic that helps crop plants, particularly in drought and heat stress situations, to retain their green leaves and ability to perform photosynthesis for a longer period of time after anthesis. As a result, SG plants yield more than non-SG plants due to their prolonged grain-filling period. Crop yields have increased as a result of functional SG breeding, especially when paired with other beneficial features. To overcome the production stagnation linked to environmental stress adaptation, it may be necessary to understand the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the SG characteristic.

Aeroponics is an advanced soilless cultivation technique that involves growing plants with their roots suspended in air and misted with nutrient-rich water. This method allows for maximum oxygen availability to roots, resulting in accelerated plant growth and improved nutrient uptake. For vegetable crops, particularly leafy greens, herbs, and strawberries, aeroponics has demonstrated superior yields, cleaner produce, and efficient resource utilization. Its suitability for vertical farming, reduced water consumption, and compact system design makes it highly attractive for young farmers and urban growers. With growing interest in high-efficiency, space-saving farming technologies, aeroponics offers a sustainable and profitable solution for the future of vegetable production.

Hydroponics, a soilless farming technique, is gaining rapid attention as a sustainable and space-efficient method of vegetable cultivation. This system enables plant growth in a nutrient-rich water solution, offering significant advantages such as faster crop cycles, higher yields, reduced water use, and minimal dependency on arable land. Hydroponics is especially valuable in urban and peri-urban settings, making it an ideal solution for young and smallscale farmers seeking profitable, controlled-environment agriculture. Leafy vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, and herbs show excellent performance under hydroponic conditions. Furthermore, the integration of low-cost technologies, climate control, and automation allows year-round production of clean, pesticide-free vegetables. With growing consumer demand for safe, fresh produce and increasing challenges of land and water scarcity, hydroponics presents a promising pathway for the future of vegetable farming.

The integration of fertigation with sensor-based technologies is a revolutionary approach in modern agriculture, addressing critical challenges related to water scarcity, nutrient management and sustainable farming. Fertigation, which combines irrigation and fertilization, optimizes nutrient delivery directly to plant roots, reducing wastage and improving crop productivity. Sensor-based technologies enhance this process by providing real-time data on soil moisture, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC) and nutrient levels, enabling precise and automated control over fertigation systems. The adoption of automated and semi-automated fertigation solutions, supported by Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), allows for efficient resource utilization, cost reduction and improved crop yields. This article explores the components, benefits and challenges of sensor-based fertigation systems. Additionally, prospects, such as nano-sensors, selfpowered wireless sensors and advanced fertigation software, are discussed to illustrate the potential of this technology in transforming global agriculture.

Soil hydrological and transmission properties describe how water interacts with soil, including absorption, retention and movement of water in soil. These properties impact drainage and nutrient availability to plants. Understanding and characterizing these properties is essential for efficient water management, nutrient management in agriculture, environmental conservation, civil engineering, hydrology and water resource management. Various techniques are used for measuring these properties including traditional as well as advanced methods. Traditional methods are labour intensive, time consuming, limited to small scale or laboratory conditions and are unable to provide continuous or real time data. Thus, replacing or supplementing them with advanced techniques is recommended. Several advanced techniques like remote sensing, tracer techniques, spectroscopic techniques, digital and computational methods, synthetic aperture radar, cosmic ray neutron sensors are used to quantify soil hydrological and transmission properties. These techniques allows accurate and precise measurement, they are non-invasive resulting in minimal soil disturbances, and helps in faster and real-time data collection.

The Todas are a small but well-documented indigenous community of former buffalo pastoralists, residing in the northwestern region of Tamil Nadu's Nilgiri Mountains in South India. For generations, Toda women have maintained a long tradition of embroidering clothing items, particularly cloaks and loinclothes, which are used within the community and serve as important exchange items with neighbouring indigenous groups. Over the past century, this craft has expanded significantly, evolving into a major source of income for many Toda women and their households. In the last fifty years, Toda embroidery, a practice traditionally exclusive to the women of the community, has gained increasing recognition from textile and design specialists, becoming an integral part of India's rapidly growing fashion industry.

The global population is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050 and the food production must effectively increase by about 70% so as to feed the growing population. But as the world's population is growing rapidly, food insecurity issues are rising. Agricultural intensification activities have increased crop yields in the short term but these practices have led to soil degradation and poor soil quality, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable strategies. This paper explores advantages of utilizing beneficial microorganisms, such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi and biocontrol agents that offers sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional agricultural practices. The soil microbiome, comprises of diverse community of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, pathogens and nematodes. These microorganisms form intricate networks and engage in a myriad of interactions that drive essential soil functions and processes. Soil microorganisms enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorus and producing growth-promoting hormones. Additionally, soil microbes play a key role in bioremediation by breaking down pollutants and detoxifying heavy metals. Beneficial microbial interactions with plant roots, such as mycorrhizal associations, improve water and nutrient uptake, thereby enhancing crop productivity. By combining microbial solutions with compost, organic fertilizers and minimal synthetic inputs, farmers can enhance soil fertility, improve plant resilience and optimize nutrient uptake while maintaining balanced microbial communities.

The global population is rapidly expanding and is expected to reach 9.1 billion by 2050 and 10.4 billion by 2100. To ensure food and environmental security of huge population, the pressure on agricultural system is tremendously increasing. Conventional fertilizers are widely utilized to supplement essential nutrients in the soil. However, conventional fertilizers suffer from low nutrient utilization efficiency due to leaching, volatilization, fixation, immobilization etc., leading to substantial economic losses and decreased soil fertility. Nanotechnology is one of the rapidly developing technologies that have the potential to support sustainable agricultural growth. One of the key applications of nanotechnology in agriculture is nano fertilizer. Nano fertilizers designed to enhance nutrient uptake efficiency, minimize nutrient losses and reduce environmental contamination. These fertilizers operate on controlled and targeted release mechanisms, ensuring that nutrients are available to plants in a more efficient manner. Compared to conventional fertilizers, nano fertilizers offer advantages such as increased nutrient use efficiency, reduced soil and water pollution, improved crop yield and quality. Additionally, nano fertilizers have the potential to mitigate nutrient runoff and reduce the overall application frequency, leading to cost savings and environmental benefits. Despite these promising benefits, the widespread adoption of nano fertilizers is constrained by several challenges. High production costs, potential environmental and health risks, uncertainties regarding long-term effectiveness and challenges in scalability hinder their large-scale application. The limited awareness among farmers, coupled with the absence of comprehensive safety guidelines, further restricts their adoption.

Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) represents a sustainable and evidence-based approach for the control of parasitic infections in animals. Unlike conventional methods that rely heavily on chemical dewormers, IPM integrates biological, environmental and pharmacological strategies to reduce parasite burdens while minimizing the development of drug resistance. This article explores the concept, importance and practical components of IPM, with a special focus on its role in sustainable veterinary parasite control.

Millets, sometimes referred to as "nutri-cereals," are small-seeded, ancient grains that are appreciated for their exceptional nutritional content and capacity to flourish in arid, rainy environments. Due to their high fiber, iron, calcium, and antioxidant content, as well as their advantages in diabetes management, heart health, and digestive wellness, millets?once an essential component of traditional Indian diets?are currently seeing a revival in popularity. India, the greatest producer of millet in the world, cultivates it in over 21 states, with Odisha playing a significant role in this comeback. Millets have long been an essential part of the regional culinary tradition in Odisha, where a significant tribal population makes their living from agriculture. Their cultivation ultimately did drastically fall as a result of the Green Revolution. To combat this, the Odisha government started the Odisha Millet Mission (OMM) in 2017 with the goal of reintroducing millets into diets and farming practices. With over 11 lakh farmers involved and the mission currently operating in 19 districts, it supports farmer-producer associations, fosters market connections, and promotes for sustainable agriculture methods. In order to position millets as future-ready grains essential for maintaining ecological balance, nutritional security, and resilient rural livelihoods, this study examines the health benefits, agricultural relevance, and revival initiatives around them.

Fracture management in canines has significantly evolved with the advent of advanced technologies, refined surgical techniques and a deeper understanding of bone healing biology. Techniques such as minimally invasive osteosynthesis (MIO), locking plate systems, robotic-assisted surgeries, AI-driven decision-making, 3D printing of customized implants and regenerative therapies have revolutionized canine orthopaedics. This article comprehensively reviews recent trends, discusses clinical applications, evaluates advantages and limitations and explores future perspectives in the domain of veterinary orthopaedic surgery.

Cotton production worldwide is severely threatened by a range of insect pests, leading to significant yield losses and economic impact. Traditional pest control methods, including chemical pesticides, face limitations such as resistance development, environmental concerns, and non-target effects. Proteomics - the large-scale study of proteins, their structures, and functions - offers a powerful tool for advancing insect-pest management strategies in cotton. By analysing the protein profiles of both pests and cotton plants under biotic stress, researchers can identify key molecular targets involved in pest resistance, hostpathogen interactions, and stress responses. This knowledge enables the development of innovative approaches such as pest-resistant genetically engineered cotton varieties, novel biopesticides, and improved Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices. This article explores the current advances in proteomic technologies applied to cotton pest management, highlights major discoveries, and discusses future prospects for harnessing proteomics to create sustainable and effective pest control solutions.

Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a powerful cloud-based platform for geospatial analysis, enabling users to access, process, and visualize vast amounts of satellite imagery. Its extensive data catalog and robust JavaScript and Python APIs allow for efficient analysis of environmental and Earth observation data, supporting applications such as agricultural monitoring, deforestation detection, land cover classification, and environmental monitoring. By leveraging cloud computing through Google?s infrastructure, GEE handles massive datasets without the need for expensive hardware or local storage. With free access to both data and computing resources, GEE has become an essential tool in scientific research, sustainable development, and evidence-based policymaking.

Climate change mitigation finds a powerful ally in forest ecosystems, which serve as nature's lungs, sequestering atmospheric carbon and anchoring ecological stability. Among the towering peaks and remote valleys of the Western Himalayas, Betula utilis-the Himalayan birch?stands as a silent sentinel of both climate resilience and cultural heritage. This paper explores the extraordinary carbon sequestration potential of B. utilis, shedding light on biomass accumulation, soil organic carbon storage, ecological vulnerabilities, and urgent conservation strategies. Drawing from detailed field research and ecological evaluations, we unveil the role of B. utilis forests as formidable carbon sinks and call for focused conservation programs, sustainable utilization, and robust long-term monitoring to ensure their continued legacy in battling climate change.

The overuse of chemical pesticides has raised significant concerns about environmental health, soil degradation, and food safety. In response, Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF), championed by Subhash Palekar, emphasizes the use of traditional liquid organic manures such as Jeevamrit, Beejamrit, Panchagavya, Sonthastra, Khatti Lassi, and Brahmastra. These formulations, derived from cow-based products and medicinal plant extracts, are rich in beneficial microbes and secondary metabolites with proven antimicrobial properties. This review outlines their preparation, microbial composition, and effectiveness in managing key plant pathogens such as Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum spp., and rootknot nematodes. These bio-inputs enhance soil fertility, improve crop resilience, and provide a sustainable alternative to synthetic agrochemicals, aligning traditional practices with modern ecological farming needs.

Social media has changed the way we think, comprehend and communicate, and it has not just restricted young people in urban pockets anymore but has penetrated deep into rural areas as well. Social networking platforms such as Whatsapp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram is acting as a powerful tool for farmers to connect with buyers as well as agribusinesses over large geographical distances. It is also helping to share knowledge and information of mutual interest by farmers living in the same region or growing similar crops in the different parts of the country. Social media is facilitating farmers to make judicious decisions. Social media can empower farmers as it brings in transparency, engagement, trust and authenticity in the supply chain. The most important aspect is that it reduces social isolation for farmers and enables them to connect with other farmers, agribusinesses and customers comfortably. They can market their produce well and sell it off wherever they want, seeking best prices. Also, they can interact with experts, people with influence, from whom they can gain a wealth of knowledge, experiences and guidance. Even for regular farm operations such as building irrigation system, buying crop inputs, accessing better markets, such online platforms can do wonders for farmers. Social media can keep them updated of every farmrelated development.

Insect pests are the major biotic factors that cause yield loss in crop plants. The major control methods for these insect pests are the use of chemical pesticides, but they create health issues for growers and consumers. Hence, the antixenosis resistance as a main tool in the host plant resistance can be used in the integrated pest management (IPM) technique. The antixenosis is the non-preference of the insect either for feeding, oviposition, or shelter on the host plant due to morphological characters of the plant it possesses. The antixenosis characters like trichomes, surface waxes, color and shape, thickness of the cell wall and cuticle, leaf and root toughness, pubescence, frego bract, etc., were modified in the plants to reduce the damage by insect pests. They are not a permanent solution, and other management strategies should also be employed to control the pest.

Plant breeders use various biotechnological tools to change the expression of genes. For the expression of any gene, specific gene regulation mechanisms are required. RNA interference is a highly conserved gene regulatory mechanism that controls the expression of genes at post transcriptional level. It involves silencing of a specific mRNA due to a complementary dsRNA molecule that binds to and prevents translation of the mRNA. It has tremendous potential to improve the crop plants against different types of biotic and abiotic stresses, nutritional enhancement and for better quality traits. Ultimately, this technology plays a vital role to counter global food security and also to maintain sustainability.

The filter-feeding nature of shellfish like oysters and clams creates a significant health risk for hepatitis A virus (HAV) transmission. These bivalves can concentrate viruses from polluted waters, particularly in areas exposed to sewage discharge. When people consume raw or partially cooked shellfish from contaminated sources, they risk contracting HAV, which spreads through the fecal-oral route and targets the liver. Outbreaks linked to contaminated shellfish have been documented worldwide, highlighting the virus's resilience within shellfish tissues, where it can persist even after depuration. Effective preventive measures include thorough cooking, maintaining good hygiene, monitoring water quality, vaccination, and improved sewage treatment to reduce viral contamination in coastal waters. To protect public health, it is crucial to better understand how HAV spreads through shellfish and implement stronger food safety protocols, especially in areas with limited disease tracking.

Climate change has intensified challenges in agriculture, particularly in rainfed and semi-arid regions. Millets, also known as ?Shree Anna ? Super Food of India?, offer climate-resilient and sustainable solutions due to their low input requirements and high tolerance to drought and heat. Their revival not only enhances food and nutritional security but also supports farmer livelihoods through lower cultivation costs and growing market demand. Compared to water-intensive crops like rice and wheat, millets are better suited to rainfed ecosystems, making them ideal for climate adaptation strategies. India is now giving more attention to millets and leading efforts globally to promote them. This makes millets important for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and supporting climate-friendly farming. Farmers' experiences and supportive government policies are helping the millet movement grow stronger.

Echocardiography is a vital diagnostic tool in veterinary cardiology, providing non-invasive, real-time assessment of cardiac structure and function. This article summarizes key principles, techniques and clinical applications of echocardiography in canine patients, offering veterinary professionals a concise overview to aid in diagnosing and managing cardiac diseases.

The Indian subcontinent is one of the main producers of rice (Oryza sativa L.), the most significant staple food crop of southern Asia. Conventional transplanted rice production uses a lot of labor, energy, and irrigation water. Due to diversion of water towards industrial sector and shortage of irrigation water for the crops has compelled the farmers to adopt DSR, an alternative rice production method that is thought to be water-efficient and farmerfriendly. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate alternative, resource-conserving methods that can sustain rice production system.

Phytoremediation is a nature-based approach that utilizes the innate powers of plants and their accompanying microbes to remove, convert, or immobilize toxins from contaminated settings. This article gives a complete review of phytoremediation, outlining its fundamental mechanisms?phytoextraction, Phyto stabilization, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, and rhizofiltration?and investigating its broad applicability across soils, water, and air. The assessment underlines the technology?s primary advantages, including cost-effectiveness, little site disturbance, and the potential for ecosystem restoration, which make it an attractive alternative to standard remediation methods. It also critically explores present difficulties, such as limited root penetration, longer cleanup times, and the complications associated with treating polluted biomass. Special focus is made on the unique significance of mangrove ecosystems, whose extensive root systems not only filter coastal pollutants but also produce vital nursery habitats that support healthy fisheries and strengthen coastal community resilience. Looking to the future, emerging innovations?such as genetic engineering, better plant?microbe collaborations, and the strategic utilization of native species?promise to substantially increase the efficiency and scope of phytoremediation. While phytoremediation is not a one-size-fits-all solution, its numerous benefits and emerging technologies position it as an important instrument in the global goal of sustainable environmental management.

Climate change nowadays has been a major issue to battle with in crop production. This has led to consider the factors such as inadequate monsoon and scarce rainfall, increased temperature and high humidity or conditions like drought. Hence, it has been essential to develop or bring into cultivation for heat stress tolerant crops in agriculture. This review comprises the facts and figures of commercially cultivated heat tolerant type crops that requires to be more emphasized for the future prospects.

Mufasa, the revered king of the Pride Lands in Disney's The Lion King, exemplifies the qualities of an ideal leader-wisdom, strength, compassion, and responsibility. As both a ruler and a mentor to his son, Simba, Mufasa leads with integrity, emphasizing the importance of balance, accountability, and the interconnectedness of life, known as the "Circle of Life." His leadership is not based on dominance but on guidance, nurturing, and selflessness. Through his actions and teachings, Mufasa instills in Simba valuable lessons about accepting responsibility, making ethical choices, and understanding that leadership is about serving others rather than seeking power. Even after his tragic death, his wisdom continues to shape Simba's journey, proving that true leadership creates a lasting legacy. This article explores Mufasa's leadership style, his role in shaping Simba's character, and the broader implications of his lessons in real-world leadership. By analyzing Mufasa's approach to leadership and responsibility, we gain valuable insights applicable to leadership in personal, professional, and societal contexts, reinforcing the timeless relevance of his teachings.

Colostrum, often referred to as "liquid gold," is the first and most essential source of nutrition for newborn livestock. Packed with antibodies, essential nutrients and growth factors, colostrum plays a crucial role in ensuring early immunity, energy supply and overall survival. The timing, quantity and quality of colostrum feeding can significantly impact the health and productivity of young animals, making proper management a key aspect of livestock farming. This article explores the science behind colostrum, its benefits for different species, best practices for feeding and solutions for common challenges faced by farmers. By understanding and prioritizing colostrum management, livestock owners can enhance the well-being of their animals and improve long-term herd performance.

The growing emphasis on environmental protection has led to the adoption of sustainable farming practices such as organic agriculture and natural farming, which avoid synthetic inputs and rely on eco-friendly methods. Among the major challenges in these systems is weed management, as weeds cause the highest yield losses globally. Organic systems integrate preventive, mechanical, cultural, and biological methods to manage weed populations below economic thresholds. These methods do not completely eliminate weeds but effectively controls them while preserving soil health, promoting biodiversity, and maintaining long-term sustainability.