The global population is rapidly expanding and is expected to reach 9.1 billion by 2050 and 10.4 billion by 2100. To ensure food and environmental security of huge population, the pressure on agricultural system is tremendously increasing. Conventional fertilizers are widely utilized to supplement essential nutrients in the soil. However, conventional fertilizers suffer from low nutrient utilization efficiency due to leaching, volatilization, fixation, immobilization etc., leading to substantial economic losses and decreased soil fertility. Nanotechnology is one of the rapidly developing technologies that have the potential to support sustainable agricultural growth. One of the key applications of nanotechnology in agriculture is nano fertilizer. Nano fertilizers designed to enhance nutrient uptake efficiency, minimize nutrient losses and reduce environmental contamination. These fertilizers operate on controlled and targeted release mechanisms, ensuring that nutrients are available to plants in a more efficient manner. Compared to conventional fertilizers, nano fertilizers offer advantages such as increased nutrient use efficiency, reduced soil and water pollution, improved crop yield and quality. Additionally, nano fertilizers have the potential to mitigate nutrient runoff and reduce the overall application frequency, leading to cost savings and environmental benefits. Despite these promising benefits, the widespread adoption of nano fertilizers is constrained by several challenges. High production costs, potential environmental and health risks, uncertainties regarding long-term effectiveness and challenges in scalability hinder their large-scale application. The limited awareness among farmers, coupled with the absence of comprehensive safety guidelines, further restricts their adoption.