Submerged soils, initially formed under upland conditions and later waterlogged due to rising groundwater, flooding, excessive irrigation or sea level rise, present unique challenges for nutrient availability, especially phosphorus (P). Under anoxic conditions, submergence alters soil redox potential and pH, significantly influencing P dynamics. In the early stages, phosphorus availability increases due to processes such as organic matter mineralization, solubilisation of Fe and Al-bound phosphates, and reductive dissolution of iron oxides. However, over time, phosphorus availability declines as fixation occurs through interactions with clay minerals like kaolinite, montmorillonite, and hydrous oxides of Fe and Al. Thus, emphasis on the importance of understanding the complex behaviour of phosphorus in submerged, anoxic environments for effective nutrient management is crucial.

Dogs have been a part of Indian culture for centuries, serving roles as guardians, companions and working animals. With changing lifestyles and increasing urbanization, the demand for pet dogs in India has seen a significant rise. India is home to several indigenous dog breeds like Rajapalayam, Mudhol Hound, Kombai, Chippiparai and Himalayan Sheepdog, which are well-adapted to local climates and require minimal maintenance. However, these native breeds face the risk of neglect and extinction due to limited public awareness and preference for foreign breeds. Imported breeds such as Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, Pugs and Beagles etc., are increasingly popular despite their challenges in adapting to India?s diverse climatic conditions. The choice of a suitable breed must consider factors like climate adaptability, living space, lifestyle compatibility and intended purpose. Dog care in the Indian context includes proper nutrition, vaccination, grooming and access to veterinary services, which remain uneven across urban and rural settings. National-level programs, including sterilization drives, anti-rabies campaigns and breed registration & conservation efforts, are in place through organizations such as the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and various state departments. Despite these efforts, the canine sector in India faces several challenges, such as unregulated breeding practices, insufficient conservation of native breeds, rising stray populations and lack of public education on responsible pet ownership. Addressing these concerns requires coordinated policy efforts, greater awareness and a focus on sustainable and inclusive dog welfare strategies. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the canine scenario in India, covering both indigenous and foreign breeds, care practices, institutional programs and future directions.