Solar-powered hydroponics and vertical farming represent innovative solutions to address the growing challenges in agriculture caused by population growth, urbanization, and land scarcity. These modern techniques enhance crop production by integrating solar energy with resource-efficient systems like hydroponics and vertical farming. Solar integration reduces carbon emissions, conserves resources, and lowers energy costs, making the approach both sustainable and economically viable. Advanced technologies such as agrivoltaics, IoT, and automation further optimize land use and improve efficiency. By adopting these eco-friendly practices, farmers can enhance food security, reduce environmental impact, and promote a sustainable future in agriculture.

Carbon farming involves land, livestock, and soil management practices to sequester carbon and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Key practices include agroforestry, cover cropping, reduced tillage, crop rotation, organic farming, rotational grazing, biochar, wetland restoration, and silviculture. These methods enhance soil health, increase productivity, and contribute to climate change mitigation. Carbon farming offers prospects such as improving soil fertility, creating economic incentives through carbon credits, and boosting biodiversity. However, challenges include measurement complexity, initial costs, land management conflicts, and policy uncertainty. Overcoming these barriers can unlock the potential of carbon farming as a sustainable solution for climate change.

Nature-based solutions in agriculture offer a holistic approach that balances agricultural production with environmental preservation, fostering systems that are both productive and ecologically sustainable. These are sustainable practices that work with nature to enhance productivity, improve resilience and restore ecosystems. Nature-based solutions in agriculture aim to address climate change, biodiversity loss and food security while maintaining economic viability for farmers. In India, national programmes like NMSA, NMNF, PMKSY, IWMP, National Agroforestry Policy and Green India Mission are working on Naturebased solutions in agriculture, thus contributing in enhancing productivity and sustainability. By implementing Nature-based solutions in agriculture, we can foster a climate-resilient agricultural sector and safeguard food security for the future.