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The farmer field school is a concept where farmers learn technologies at their field/locality. A Progressive farmer opt by the department of Agriculture; where related technologies demonstrated. In this consequence, a farmer field school was organized by Department of Agriculture, Tirap district, Government of Arunachal Pradesh during Kharif season, 2024 on the topic ?Integrated Farming System? under technical guidance of Krishi Vigyan Kendra- Tirap in Khela village. The different activities viz. group meeting, demonstration of different modules of vermi composting, demonstration of line sowing of French bean and okra, field visits and field day were executed by SMS (Horticulture) and SMS (Soil Science) of Krishi Vigyan Kendra- Tirap. The total 32 farmers were successfully participated in the school.

Biochar, a carbon-rich product derived from pyrolyzed organic materials has gained attention for its role in sustainable forestry. It enhances soil properties, sequesters carbon and mitigates climate change. Biochar improves forest productivity by increasing nutrient retention, water holding capacity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It also aids in waste management by converting forest residues into valuable resources. Its applications in forest restoration and carbon sequestration make it a critical tool for sustainable forestry practices. This article explores the production, properties and benefits of biochar in forestry management.

Progeny evaluation is a key process in tree improvement, particularly for Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) species which are valuable for their wide array of forest-derived products. This article explores the importance of progeny evaluation in NTFP species and highlights key studies that demonstrate its role in selecting superior parent trees for sustainable forest management. By evaluating genetic traits such as growth rate, yield and disease resistance, progeny trials help enhance both the quality and quantity of forest resources. Despite the rising demand for NTFPs globally, few species have undergone comprehensive progeny trials. This article underscores the need for expanding such studies to maximize genetic gains, improve marketable products and support biodiversity conservation. With the growing economic significance of NTFPs progeny evaluation offers a path toward more sustainable and profitable forestry practices.

Himachal Pradesh, known for its diverse agriculture, significantly benefits from off-season vegetable cultivation. This practice not only addresses the rising demand for nutritious food but also enhances the economic viability of small and marginal farmers. Horticulture contributes 29.5% to India's agricultural GDP; yet traditional open-field production struggles to meet the needs of a growing population. Off-season cultivation allows farmers to grow crops outside their normal calendar, leveraging high market prices during low supply. Modern techniques, such as polyhouses and shade nets, enable year-round production, improve yield, and boost farmer incomes, thereby transforming the region's farming landscape.

Seed viability is the ability of seed to germinate which is evidenced by a number of physiological or biochemical events. Paper media can be used for assessing seed viability. This study intended to discover the most effective technique of seed germination utilizing paper substrate for the viability of sesame seeds. The research was conducted at the Seed Laboratory of Directorate of rapeseed and mustard research centre, Bharatpur (Raj). The study approach used a two-factor factorial Completely Randomized Design. The first component was the sesame seed variety which consisted of RT-346, RT-127, RT-125, RT-103, RT-54, RT-46, TKG-308. The second factor was the seed germination procedure which comprised of a test on top of paper, a test on filter paper. Each treatment was reproduced four times, generating 8 experimental units. Sesame seed viability was greatly affected by the way of seed germination utilizing paper media, according to the findings. In compared to other treatments, sesame seeds of the RT-46 variety displayed the best percentages of simultaneous growth, germination, vigor index, normal seedling dry weight, hypocotyl length, and radicle length when tested on filter paper.

When people ruin wildlife's natural habitats, it's referred to as habitat degradation. In conservation biology, habitat fragmentation is regarded as a major problem. This issue focuses on how human disturbances like land clearing and vegetation conversion from one type to another cause once-large, continuous habitat blocks to become less continuous. The observation that there are fewer species on islands than in comparable mainland locations is explained by the notion of island biogeography. Research on habitat fragmentation that is based on the island biogeography theory usually concentrates on the fragment's size and level of isolation. The effects of habitat fragmentation on the persistence of plant and animal populations, the makeup of communities, and ecosystem processes have been the subject of numerous ecological research. Both human activity and environmental processes, which operate on different time and spatial scales, contribute to fragmentation. While some species gain from fragmentation, other species are greatly endangered. Effective measures must therefore be taken to preserve biodiversity in fragmented settings.

Indoor plants have gained immense popularity due to their aesthetic charm and significant role in enhancing indoor air quality. They not only beautify living spaces but also create a soothing environment that can reduce stress and promote overall well-being. However, successfully growing these plants requires diligent care and attention to various factors, one of the most critical being pest management. Indoor plants are particularly vulnerable to a range of pests that can thrive in the warm, controlled conditions of homes and offices. Common culprits include aphids, spider mites, mealybugs, and fungus gnats, all of which can cause significant damage if left unchecked. The presence of these pests can lead to wilting, stunted growth, and even plant death, ultimately undermining the benefits these plants provide. Therefore, it is essential for indoor gardeners to be proactive in monitoring their plants for signs of infestation and to implement effective management strategies. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the most commonly grown indoor plant species, the specific pests that affect them, and a range of control methods. By adopting cultural practices, mechanical interventions, and, when necessary, chemical treatments, gardeners can effectively protect their plants. Ultimately, proper pest management not only ensures that indoor plants remain vibrant and healthy but also contributes to a more pleasant and healthier indoor environment for their caretakers.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is termed as one of the best policy innovations in the 1900s. The main aim of EIA is to conserve the environment and bring out the best combination of economic and environmental costs and benefits. EIA is a process through which an environmental impact of a proposed development is evaluated. The 1991 Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (the Espoo Convention) was negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and was signed in Espoo, Finland, in 1991. Following six meetings of the signatories, the Convention entered into force in 1997 and the first Meeting of the Parties (MoP) took place in Oslo in 1998. The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Protocol to the Convention was adopted in 2003, and has been signed by thirty-six States as well as by the EC. The Bureau of the Convention was established as an organ to co-ordinate the work pertaining to the development of the system of the Convention between the Meetings of the Parties. As of April 2014, the treaty had been ratified by 44 state and European Union. Convention has adopted many important decisions pertaining to the institutional structure of the Espoo Convention.

Seed coating methods entail the application of several chemicals to seeds to augment their performance, safeguard them against pests and diseases, and increase their handling characteristics. These ingredients, referred to as seed treatments or seed dressings, may comprise active chemicals such as bio-stimulants, fertilisers, and protection agents, together with liquids and solid particles. The selection of coating techniques and materials is contingent upon the intended results and the particular requirements of the crop. Prevalent coating methodologies encompass dry powder coating, seed dressing, film coating, encrusting, pelleting, and agglomeration. Although seed coating technologies have various advantages, including enhanced yield and seedling vigour, their implementation in developing nations is frequently obstructed by financial limitations and restricted access to information and resources. To encourage the broader adoption of seed coating technologies in these areas, it is imperative to create cost-effective and accessible solutions that are customised to local conditions and agricultural methods.

Silk, often referred to as the "queen of fibres," is one of the most luxurious and sought-after natural materials in the world. Known for its shimmering appearance, smooth texture, and remarkable strength, silk has captivated humanity for thousands of years. India has the unique distinction of being the only country in the world that produces all the five known commercial silks viz., mulberry, tropical tasar, temperate (oak) tasar, eri and muga. India's traditional and culture-bound domestic market and incredible array of silk fabrics and costumes that reflect geographic specificity, has aided the country's rise to the top on the silk sector. India is the largest consumer of silk in the world.

"Exploring the Wilderness: Community-Based Ecotourism in Simlipal - Unveiling Opportunities and Navigating Challenges" provides an insightful exploration into the intersection of nature conservation and sustainable tourism in the heart of Odisha, India. Similipal, renowned for its biodiversity and scenic beauty, serves as the backdrop for an examination of community-based ecotourism initiatives. This abstract encapsulates the article's focus on unveiling the diverse opportunities arising from these initiatives, ranging from biodiversity conservation and economic empowerment to cultural exchange and educational enrichment. Simultaneously, the abstract highlights the challenges faced, including infrastructure limitations, capacity building needs, the delicate balance required to manage tourism impact on ecosystems, and the crucial role of government support and policies in ensuring the long-term success of community-based ecotourism in Similipal. The article envisions Similipal as a potential model for responsible and community-driven ecotourism, balancing the allure of exploration with the imperative of conservation.

Biodynamic farming is a comprehensive agricultural approach that weaves together ecological, spiritual, and ethical dimensions. Developed by Rudolf Steiner around the early 1900s, detailing interactions between soil, plants, animals, and people. Major parts that make up biodynamic farming include composting, crop rotation, organic methods of farming, and the use of special preparations made through fermented herbs and minerals for increased soil fertility and biodiversity. A fundamental principle of biodynamics is to see the farm as its very own ecosystem and adapt techniques to every regional characteristic of the country. Thus, while supporting social well-being and ecological wellness, harvested products would be of good quality. Crop and soil vivacity can be optimized according to nature's rhythms: diel, lunar, and solar, among others, by biodynamic farmers. These methods contribute toward enhancing quality soil, and biodiversity, and augment resistance to pests and diseases. The increasing need for sustainable farming practices has led to increased biodynamic farming as a viable approach for enhancing food systems, mitigating climate change, and bolstering community resilience.

Due to insect damage in their crops, farmers worldwide suffer huge output losses, ranging from 5 to 30 per cent, plus an additional 3 to 20 per cent in post-harvest losses. Various techniques, including biological, cultural, and physical approaches, are used to lessen these problems. But the advent of new technology, especially artificial intelligence (AI), has created fresh opportunities for efficient pest control. This article investigates the use of artificial intelligence (AI), specifically CNN models, to locate pests, track their numbers, and forecast possible pest outbreaks. Farmers can be proactive before they hit the Economic Injury Level (EIL) by implementing AI systems.

This paper explores mechanization in sugarcane cultivation in India. Sugarcane is one of the primary crops produced all over the world. India does not hold an exception. From the preparation of the land to sowing, harvesting, detrashing, and ratoon management-all stages of sugarcane cultivation are under discussion in this paper. Mechanization has emerged as one of the few ways to combat labour shortages, ensure timely operations, and so on. It includes the utilization of heavy, modern farming machinery, for example, sugarcane planters, harvesters, detrashers, and ratoon managers, to increase efficiency, avoid drudgery, and increase general productivity. This discussion also gives a fair view of the environmental effects of sugarcane trash management. Mention is made about the necessary role played by sustainable practises, like trash management, and ratoon management, in reducing adverse effects.

Organic livestock farming offers numerous benefits for the environment, animal welfare, and human health. By avoiding the use of synthetic pesticides, hormones, and antibiotics, organic farmers promote a more natural and sustainable approach to animal husbandry. This not only reduces the environmental impact but also ensures that the livestock are treated humanely and that the resulting products are free from harmful chemicals. Furthermore, organic meat, dairy, and eggs are often richer in essential nutrients, providing consumers with a healthier alternative to conventionally produced animal products. In addition, organic farming practices often involve rotational grazing and the integration of diverse plant species, which help to maintain healthy soil ecosystems and promote biodiversity. This holistic approach to agriculture not only benefits the animals but also the surrounding environment, contributing to the overall sustainability of the food system. By supporting organic livestock farming, consumers can make a positive impact on the planet while enjoying high-quality, nutritious animal products.

Insect pest management has relied predominantly on conventional insecticides, but due to wide spread concern over potential hazards and development of resistance, alternative control methods have been developed. One such potential management tactic is the use of pheromones as mating disruption technique in pest management. The idea of dispersing sex pheromones inside a crop canopy to prevent insect pests from reproducing initiated in the early 1960s which contributed to the development of chemical ecology and continued to be well-known for a variety of reasons. Mating disruption is a technique that affects sexual behaviour of insect by saturating the surrounding environment by synthetic sex pheromones, where the ability of males to recognize the natural sex pheromone produced by females are disrupted so delaying the time for females to mate. This approach can be successful when mating disruption targets the key pest at low population densities. The combination of pheromone formulations with other management tactics can increase the efficacy of the formulation on the target pest, help to prevent the development of resistance to any one given management tactic and contribute for the management of more than one insect pest.

Antioxidants plays a very important role in poultry feed formula on bird's ecophysiology. Oxidative stress cause biological deterioration, which can impede farm animals' ability of production. Oxidative stress in chicken production can be brought on by a number of things, including illnesses, high metabolic rates, stressful environments and inadequate nutrition. This oxidative stress results in formation of reactive oxygen species (free radicals). These free radicals have negative impact on growth, immune status, elevated lipid rancidity and poor quality of meat. Numerous substances, such as fat and water-soluble molecules, which the body may either naturally produce or augment with food, have antioxidant properties. These antioxidants additive usually utilized in order to increase the stability of feed. Supplementing poultry diets with antioxidants improves bird health by enhancing immune function, reducing inflammation, and protecting tissues from oxidative damage, making natural antioxidants more appealing due to consumer demand. This article delves into the biochemical roles of essential antioxidants in poultry nutrition, their impact on performance, and their potential to enhance the sustainability and welfare of modern poultry production systems.

Genetically modified mustard, particularly the variety developed by Indian researchers known as DMH-11, has garnered significant attention for its potential to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability. This genetically engineered crop incorporates a gene from the soil bacterium A. tumefaciens, allowing for increased oil content and resistance to certain diseases. Proponents argue that GM mustard can help improve yield in the face of climate change and rising food demand, while also reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides.

Prolactin is synthesized from anterior pituitary and secreted highly during the diestrual phase of the estrous cycle in bitches. Various reproductive clinical conditions are arising during diestrual stage of bitches. Manipulation of the diestrual phase of the estrous cycle in a bitch, by a simple administration of anti-prolactin drugs could bring about changes in the diestrus period. Commonly used dopamine agonists in canine practice are cabergoline and bromocriptine. The present communication elaborates the role of prolactin and dopamine agonists in various clinical conditions of bitches.

A two-year-old parrot, weighing 130 grams, was brought to Vet Care Clinic in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, with symptoms including anorexia, decreased activity, inability to lay eggs for the past three days, and swelling in the caudal abdomen. Based on the history, clinical signs, and physical examination findings, the parrot was tentatively diagnosed with an egg-bound condition. Conservative treatment was chosen, and the egg was manually removed after applying lubrication with lignocaine gel and liquid paraffin. The procedure was successful, and the bird recovered without any reported complications.

Agriculture is the main source of India's population for their livelihood. Due to a growing population and a lack of arable land, the need for food is rising daily. Crop output is in significant danger from pest invasion and increased abiotic stress brought on by climatic changes. Numerous methods, including traditional breeding, mutagenesis, translocation breeding, and others, are being developed to create high-yielding cultivars that are resilient to biotic and environmental stress in order to control all of these risks. Later, transgene insertion was developed and used in genetically modified crops to achieve the desired results. However, modern advances in genome editing are the new weapon against agricultural hazards. To combat biotic and abiotic stress, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is an effective technique that is both simple and precious. Agriculture could undergo a transformation by the application of CRISPR/CAS9 technology, particularly in the face of climate change.

Insects are little creatures that cannot be avoided by people or other animals; their effects on the world are so numerous that they cannot be counted. This paper focuses on these little but noticeable organisms (insects), which most humans regard as foes. It reveals some unknown facts about insects and portrays them as both allies and foes. At certain stages of their lives, insects engage in both friendly and dangerous activities, such as honeybees, which are beneficial to people but may be harmful when belligerent. Because of the benefits that friendly insects provide, man conserves them in order to maximize profit. The war on insects began many years ago, but insect pest management appears to be the most effective method of eradicating hazardous insects. Insects are vital to the environment and cannot be completely eradicated; instead, they develop resistance to some of the methods employed to manage them.

The global fishing industry, while essential for food production and livelihoods, generates significant waste, including fish heads, bones, viscera, scales, and skin, leading to environmental pollution and resource inefficiency. This study explores the bioconversion of fish waste into valuable resources, such as liquid fertilizers, as a sustainable waste management solution aligned with the principles of a circular economy. Bioconversion processes, including fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis, transform nutrient-rich fish waste into organic fertilizers that enhance soil health and promote sustainable agriculture. Fish liquid fertilizers are rich in essential macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, contributing to improved crop growth, resilience, and reduced dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This article emphasizes the economic and environmental benefits of utilizing fish waste in agriculture, highlighting its role in fostering eco-friendly practices and addressing food security challenges. By advocating for the bioconversion of fish waste, this study underscores the potential for creating a more sustainable agricultural framework and a circular economy in the seafood sector.

Small ruminants viz. sheep and goats, play an important role in rural economics around the world by producing crucial items such as meat, milk, fibre, and hides. However, their production and health are frequently jeopardised by a variety of viral and non-infectious disorders. This page discusses common diseases affecting small ruminants, such as Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP). It emphasises the importance of comprehensive health management plans to prevent and control these disorders. Some of the tactics highlighted include biosecurity measures, immunisation programs, nutritional control, and regular health monitoring. By combining these approaches, the study provides a solid framework for protecting the health of small ruminants, assuring their long-term viability and profitability. The essay also emphasises the significance of emergency response plans and continuing surveillance in detecting and responding to disease outbreaks quickly. Overall, this holistic approach is critical for preserving the health and production of small ruminants, which in turn helps rural communities' economic stability.

Family farming is intricately tied to both national and global food security, standing out as the predominant form of agriculture in developing and developed countries alike. Despite facing limitations in access to productive resources such as agricultural inputs and support, family farmers exhibit remarkable land management skills, sustaining high levels of productivity. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines family farming as encompassing family-based agricultural activities, predominantly reliant on family labor, including both women and men, across agriculture, forestry, fisheries, pastoral, and aquaculture production. Gender dynamics play a crucial role in the context of family farming. Socially assigned roles influence resource distribution, wealth, and decision-making within families and public life. Women from poor households play vital roles in income-generating activities, often being the primary or sole source of household livelihoods. Family farming integrates environmental sustainability, poverty reduction, and various other SDGs, showcasing its role in holistic sustainable development. FAO plays a crucial role in supporting family farmers. It aims to enhance access to natural resources, decent employment, and social protection through multi-sectoral rural development policies. FAO promotes sustainable practices, including integrated pest management, organic agricultural techniques, and the conservation of plant and animal genetic resources. Recognizing its significance and implementing targeted policy interventions are imperative to unlock the full potential of family farming in shaping a sustainable and equitable future.

The transformative power of big data is evident across diverse industries, surpassing traditional data processing capacities. Challenges encompass capture, storage, analysis, curation, search, sharing, transfer, visualization, querying, updating, and information privacy. Significantly, the focus is on extracting value through advanced data analytics methods, emphasizing meaningful insights rather than sheer volume. Big data's significance lies in transformative actions, not just the information volume. Extracting data from diverse sources enables cost reductions, time efficiencies, innovative product development, and informed decision-making. The synergy of big data with analytics enables tasks like real-time failure analysis, personalized coupons, rapid risk portfolio recalculations, and pre-emptive fraud detection. In government, big data manages data influx from various sources for enhanced governance. In banking, it handles vast data using analytics for strategic decision-making. Healthcare benefits from reduced silos and improved coordination. Telecom utilizes real-time analysis for predictive insights. Transitioning to agriculture, big data is transformative, surpassing traditional software capacities. Characteristics include large volume, variety, low value density, and high velocity. In agriculture, big data monitors conditions, issues early warnings, and optimizes resource utilization through precision farming. The integration of big data facilitates data-driven decision-making, benefiting the industry's development.

Globally, climate change has a major impact on vegetable production. Many vegetable crops have growth cycle disruptions due to rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events, including storms, floods, and droughts. Elevated temperatures can potentially diminish the output of heat-sensitive plants such as broccoli, spinach, and lettuce. Drought strains plants, lowering growth and quality, while too much water can lead to root infections. Changes in growing seasons and the availability of water resources force farmers to adjust by altering crop varieties or planting times. Vegetables are susceptible to fluctuations in temperature and water availability, which affects their nutritional content. Prolonged exposure to harsh circumstances can deplete nutrient content, lowering food quality. Overall, climate change's influence on vegetables is causing increased concern about global food security, farmer livelihoods, and consumer nutrition. Sustainable methods are critical for mitigating these difficulties.

The "insect apocalypse" refers to the alarming global decline in insect populations, with over 40% of species at risk of extinction. This decline, driven by habitat loss, pesticide use, climate change, and pollution, poses significant threats to biodiversity and human well-being. Insects play vital roles as pollinators, decomposers, and prey for other species, and their loss disrupts ecosystems, affecting plants, animals, and essential processes like nutrient cycling. Addressing this crisis requires reducing pesticide use, restoring habitats, and adopting sustainable farming practices. Protecting insects is crucial for maintaining the health of ecosystems and ensuring food security and biodiversity for future generations.

The quality detection of seafood involves a comprehensive approach that integrates physical, chemical, microbial, and sensory techniques to ensure safety and freshness. Physical evaluation focuses on attributes such as texture, appearance, and the presence of foreign materials, employing methods like visual inspection and texture analysis to assess quality. Chemical methods provide quantitative measures of spoilage indicators, which correlate with freshness levels and shelf life. Microbial testing is essential for identifying harmful pathogens and monitoring to detect contaminants. Techniques like discriminative tests (e.g., triangle tests) and descriptive analysis provide insights into consumer preferences and product acceptability. Together, these methodologies form a robust framework for ensuring seafood quality, addressing both consumer expectations and regulatory compliance.

Molecular markers are pivotal in modern entomology, enabling the identification and differentiation of insect species, populations, and individuals. This review highlights the significance of molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding, microsatellites, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in enhancing our understanding of genetic diversity, evolutionary processes, and ecological interactions among insects. These markers facilitate reliable species identification, particularly in cases of cryptic species, and provide insights into population structure and gene flow, which are crucial for conservation efforts. Additionally, molecular markers contribute to elucidating evolutionary relationships, aiding in the reconstruction of phylogenies and understanding adaptation. Furthermore, they play a vital role in studying ecological interactions, including insect-plant relationships and ecosystem dynamics. As molecular technologies continue to evolve, their applications in entomology will expand, offering deeper insights into insect biology and their roles in ecosystems, with implications for biodiversity conservation and environmental management.

Agroforestry is an innovative land-use management practice that integrates trees, crops, and livestock on the same parcel of land, promoting sustainable agricultural systems. By combining the benefits of agriculture and forestry, agroforestry enhances biodiversity, improves soil health, and contributes to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. This approach not only increases crop yields and diversifies income sources for farmers but also fosters ecosystem resilience by providing essential ecosystem services. Various agroforestry systems, including alley cropping, silvopasture, and forest farming, can be tailored to specific ecological and socioeconomic contexts, making agroforestry a versatile solution for addressing contemporary agricultural challenges. The adoption of agroforestry practices is vital for promoting sustainable land use and ensuring food security in the face of environmental degradation and climate change.

The issue of cattle-induced accidents on roads has become increasingly pressing in urban agglomerations like Chennai. The presence of cattle on roads not only poses a significant risk to human life but also contributes to the growing number of road traffic accidents (RTAs) in India. This article aims to explore the factors contributing to these accidents, the implications for public safety, and potential strategies for mitigation.

The fall army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda) has emerged as one of the most significant agricultural pests worldwide. Originally native to the Americas, this invasive species has expanded its range, wreaking havoc on crops and posing severe economic threats to farmers and food security globally. This article explores the biology, spread, impact, and management strategies associated with the fall armyworm, highlighting its role as a formidable challenge to modern agriculture.