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Salinity and alkalinity are major abiotic constraints limiting crop productivity, particularly in arid, semi-arid, irrigated and poorly drained environments. Excess soluble salts cause osmotic stress, ionic toxicity and oxidative damage, while sodicity and high soil pH impair soil structure and nutrient availability. Plants mitigate salt stress through osmotic adjustment, ion exclusion, vacuolar compartmentation, antioxidant defence and maintenance of ion homeostasis. However, intrinsic tolerance alone may be insufficient to sustain productivity under field conditions. Agronomic management therefore provides an essential complementary approach through improved drainage, leaching, efficient irrigation, soil amendments, salt-tolerant crops, appropriate planting methods, balanced nutrient management, seed priming and biological interventions. This review summarizes the major impacts of salinity and alkalinity on plants and evaluates key agronomic strategies for improving crop establishment, growth and productivity in salt-affected environments.

Spirulina platensis is a protein rich cyanobacterium known for its remarkable nutritional profile, comprising essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals and health promoting bioactive compounds such as phycocyanin and carotenoids. These characteristics have led to its extensive use as a functional ingredient in human diets, animal nutrition, and aquaculture feeds. In fisheries, Spirulina enhances growth performance, immunity, reproduction, pigmentation, and overall health of cultured aquatic species. Beyond its nutritional applications, Spirulina platensis has emerged as a promising biotechnological resource due to its content of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer. PHB offers potential for the development of sustainable and animal-free capsule shells as an alternative to conventional gelatin-based capsules. This article reviews the composition of Spirulina platensis, its importance in aquaculture, and its emerging role in the pharmaceutical industry as a source of eco-friendly capsule materials.

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) seeks to improve agricultural productivity and incomes, strengthen resilience to climate change and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions where possible. Yet, technically suitable practices are not automatically adopted by smallholders. Adoption depends on labour, land, liquidity, information, credit, extension and the farmers? ability to absorb risk. The household resources shape the capacity to adopt, whereas the expected profitability, discount rates, crop choices and uncertainty shape the incentive to adopt. Low-cost and flexible practices often fit resource-constrained households better, while capital-intensive technologies may require suitable finance and markets. CSA should therefore be viewed as an investment decision under uncertainty rather than simply a behavioural choice.

Nitrogenous fertilizers have played a major role in increasing agricultural productivity and supporting global food security. However, their excessive and inefficient use can result in considerable nitrogen losses to soil, water and the atmosphere, leading to groundwater contamination, eutrophication, ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas emissions. The extent of nitrogen pollution is influenced by fertilizer type, application rate, soil characteristics, climate and crop-management practices. Improving nitrogen-use efficiency through precision fertilization, enhanced-efficiency fertilizers and integrated nutrient management can help minimize these losses. Biological approaches, appropriate fertilizer management, farmer awareness and supportive policies can further promote sustainable nitrogen use. Therefore, future nitrogen management should focus on achieving higher crop productivity while minimizing environmental and health impacts. A balanced approach to nitrogen use is essential for ensuring food security, environmental sustainability and longterm agricultural resilience.

The seasonal ban on marine fishing on the Indian coast is one of the key management measures to conserve and protect the marine resources during the most vulnerable phase of fish reproduction and breeding? The ban is enforced on the fishing activity in the sea for certain months of the year during April-June on the eastern coast and June-July on the western coast and contributes to the sustainability of fish population and fishers' livelihood? They can protect juvenile fish populations until they are large enough to be harvested and provide a pause to allow sensitive coastal marine habitats such as coral reefs? mangrove forests? and estuarine nursery areas to recover from fishing pressure? During the fishing closure? coastal fishers may be encouraged to spend time on other income-generating opportunities that could offer more secure livelihoods? Routine maintenance of fishing boats? repairs? servicing of engines and upgrading of life-saving equipment are common activities? Many fishers are engaged in capacity-building and training programs organized by government agencies? cooperatives? or marine research centre? Other sources of income include aquaculture? seaweed farms? crab fattening? fish processing and small-scale homebased microenterprises to maintain family income during an annual ban? This would be complemented by social security schemes? insurance renewal and availing state welfare packages for socio-economic stability? The conditions attaching to the seasonal ban must as well be respected if the ban is to be effective? Operating mechanized or motorized boats, using destructive gears such as bottom trawling and light nets, as well as catching juveniles and brood stock, are some of the restrictions imposed during the fishing ban. Moreover, illegal harvesting, trading, catching of fish, damaging spawning grounds, and water pollution are some of the activities that threaten marine life and, henceforth, the local fishing community's livelihood. Consequently, the fishing ban during seasons is beneficial for coastal communities in India.