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Spirulina cultivation using hydroponic and photobioreactor systems marks a significant advancement in sustainable biomass production. As a protein-rich cyanobacterium (60-70%) containing essential amino acids and valuable bioactive compounds, Spirulina holds vast potential in nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and commercial industries. Modern cultivation systems such as hydroponics and photobioreactors allow precise control of growth conditions while minimizing land and water use, achieving yields of 10-25 g/m?/day under optimized parameters. In India, where the nutraceutical market is expected to reach Rs 18,000 crores by 2025, Spirulina farming emerges as both economically promising and environmentally beneficial. This review discusses the technologies and productivity parameters associated with Spirulina cultivation, its sustainability advantages, and the expanding Indian market potential for Spirulina-based products, emphasizing its role as a future-forward solution for sustainable food and biomass production.

Aquaculture defines as the culture of Aquatic organisms in the controlled conditions like stable Water quality, Feed Management, Disease Management and other activities. Aquaculture plays a major role in National and Global economy and also it plays a vital role in food and nutrition. It is one of the fastest growing food sectors, to maintain the sustainability AI and IOT are used in the proper manner. Increasing in demand for the culture of fishes and organism's paves way for the technological integration. Now we see about the integration of technology and its impacts in aquaculture in various point of views.

The development of bioluminescent ornamental plants marks a significant fusion of science and nature, advancing aesthetics and sustainability. From early dimly glowing tobacco to today's commercial Firefly Petunias, this progress highlights rapid scientific innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration. These plants utilize biotechnology to emit natural light, envisioning futures where glowing trees illuminate cities and homes glow softly without electricity. This shift fosters bio-integrated, sustainable design. Challenges include increasing brightness, ensuring luminescence stability, navigating regulatory frameworks, and securing public acceptance. Economic concerns, such as production costs and scaling, will affect adoption, while environmental impact assessments ensure ecological safety. With continued research and innovation, bioluminescent plants could soon become common in gardens worldwide, blending naturally with their environments while offering a sustainable and functional source of light.

Agroecology has gained global recognition as a sustainable approach to addressing the intertwined challenges of food security, environmental degradation and climate change. Rooted in ecological principles and traditional farming knowledge, agroecology promotes biodiversity, soil health, nutrient recycling and community empowerment. This article highlights several global success stories that exemplify the transformative power of agroecological practices. The Andhra Pradesh Community-Managed Natural Farming (APCNF) initiative in India has empowered millions of smallholders to adopt chemical-free cultivation, improving soil fertility and farm incomes. In Mexico, the MasAgro program has enhanced maize and wheat productivity through research-based sustainable practices, while in Malawi, agroforestry innovations integrating Faidherbia albida trees have improved yields and soil fertility. Cuba?s agroecological revolution showcases how organic methods can achieve national food security and resilience and Africa?s conservation tillage networks demonstrate the benefits of soil-friendly farming. Collectively, these initiatives underscore agroecology?s potential to balance productivity with sustainability, reduce input dependence and enhance rural livelihoods. Scaling up such models through supportive policies and participatory approaches can drive a global transition toward ecologically sound and socially just food systems.

Ensuring global food security under climate change and biotic-abiotic stresses requires exploiting the full genetic diversity of crops. Traditional reference genomes capture only a fraction of intraspecific variation, omitting structural variations (SVs) and presence-absence variations (PAVs) that influence key agronomic traits. Pan-genomics, integrating multiple genomes, reveals core and dispensable genes, uncovering novel loci for stress tolerance, yield and quality traits. Advances in de novo assembly, graph-based approaches, and bioinformatic pipelines enable comprehensive pan-genome construction. The super pangenome further incorporates wild and related species, expanding breeding resources. Integrating pan-transcriptomics and pan-epigenomics offers functional insights, establishing pan-genomics as a future reference paradigm for precision crop improvement.

Plastic pollution has become a major global environmental threat due to the persistent nature of plastics like polyethylene, polypropylene, and PET, which resist natural degradation and accumulate in soil, water, and living organisms. Improper disposal results in microplastic formation, disrupting ecosystems and endangering human health. An emerging eco-friendly solution involves the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and other microbes capable of biodegrading plastics. These microorganisms produce enzymes such as PETase, laccase, and cutinase that break complex polymer chains into simpler, nontoxic compounds like carbon dioxide, water, and biomass. Notably, species such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Aspergillus not only degrade plastics but also enhance soil fertility and plant growth by producing growth-promoting substances. In this article we understand the dual action of microbes which supports both waste reduction and environmental restoration. Even though microbial degradation is often slow and may yield intermediate products, advancements in enzyme and genetic engineering, microbial consortia, and bioreactor technologies are improving its efficiency.

Managerial skills are vital for extension personnel as they play a crucial role in planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating extension programs effectively. Extension personnel often work at the interface between research institutions and rural communities, where efficient management ensures smooth coordination of resources, activities, and stakeholders. Strong managerial skills help them set clear goals, allocate resources wisely, delegate responsibilities, and monitor progress systematically. These skills also enhance leadership qualities, enabling extension workers to motivate and guide farmers or community members toward adopting improved technologies and practices. Moreover, effective time management, problem-solving, and decision-making abilities contribute to higher program impact and sustainability. By integrating managerial competencies with technical expertise, extension personnel can deliver more efficient services, foster community participation, and achieve developmental objectives. Therefore, managerial skills are not just supportive tools but essential components for ensuring successful extension interventions and rural development outcome.

Fish and seafood are key sources of animal protein with growing consumption due to health benefits over red meats. However, seafood-related infections are caused by diverse pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, resulting in various illnesses. Risk levels vary by seafood type, influenced by factors like harvesting environment, feeding habits, season, and preparation methods. Preventing these infections requires understanding the causative agents, associated seafood types, and contamination routes that can be controlled. Effective control and monitoring strategies are essential to ensure the safety of seafood products.

Fish are considered as a good source of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals which supports overall health. Owing to its health benefits along with population expansion, demand for fish is steadily increasing. This has led to significant rise in fish farming or aquaculture to meet the growing demand. Currently aquaculture has surpassed capture fisheries in global fish production. In fish production, exogenous hormones are commonly used either for induced breeding to produce seeds or for sex reversal to produce monosex population that exhibits a higher growth rate. These hormones may be natural origin or synthetic in nature. The article discusses the synthetic hormones that are commonly employed in fish production and have become indispensable for aquaculture.

Marine oil spills represent one of the most catastrophic environmental disasters, devastating marine ecosystems and coastal communities worldwide. Traditional chemical dispersants, while effective at breaking down oil slicks, often introduce additional toxicity to already damaged marine environments, creating long-term ecological harm. The development of fish waste based biodegradable dispersants bridges the gap between marine pollution management and sustainable resource, these natural compounds effectively break down large oil slicks into smaller droplets, accelerating their natural degradation by marine microorganisms without introducing harmful toxins into the environment shows eco-friendly alternative that combine biodegradability, safety, and efficiency while minimizing ecological toxicity. This not only provides a sustainable solution to the environmental hazards of oil spills but also valorizes fishery by-products, aligning with the principles of circular bioeconomy and waste-to-wealth conversion.

Defence colony in eusocial insect is a costly but vital characteristic, whose evolution is modified by kin-selection forces resulting in self-sacrificing behaviour. Social aphids which cause gall reveal an amazing altruism as there are sterile soldiers which take care of defense, cleaning and even repair gall. Natural enemies still occur, but galls have nutritive, protective, and microclimatic perquisites as they are constituted by the secretion of insects and by such plant hormones as auxin and cytokinin. There is division of labour, the younger soldiers take the task of clearing waste and the older soldier's man vulnerable openings. Soldiers in certain species give themselves up by spilling body fluids in order to plug the breakages in the gall. These behaviours point to the adaptation value of gall induction and extreme altruism.

Lernaea which is known as anchor worm exists as an ectoparasite that infects both ornamental and farmed freshwater fish species. The females attach themselves to skin and fins and gills to suck blood and tissue which leads to skin discomfort open wounds, stress, diminished growth and secondary infections. The organism produces free-swimming larvae which find hosts while its stationary females generate eggs during the entire time which results in fast population growth. The infestations appear as thread-like formations which makes them easy to identify. Management practices need to combine chemical applications with physical removal methods and water quality enhancement and fish welfare improvement.

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.), belonging to the family Myristicaceae, is an important tropical tree spice valued for its aromatic seed (nutmeg) and aril (mace). In India, it is mainly cultivated in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Harvesting peaks from June to August when fruits naturally split open. Post-harvest processing involves removal of the pericarp, separation of mace, drying, grading, and packaging. Proper drying using sun, hot air, or solar tunnel dryers prevents fungal contamination and aflatoxin development. Mace is often blanched and hotair dried to retain color and quality. Value-added products such as nutmeg oil, mace oil, oleoresin, and nutmeg butter are produced through steam or hydro-distillation. The aromatic compounds, particularly myristicin and elemicin, determine its flavor and medicinal properties. Improved drying and extraction techniques enhance the quality and export potential of nutmeg and mace.

Every harvest season, fields across the world brim with leftovers, straw, husks, peels, and stems. These materials are often seen as "waste", they hold immense potential. In India alone, farmers generate over 600 million tonnes of agricultural residues every year, much of which is either left to rot or burned in the open, causing severe air pollution. But what if this waste could become wealth? Enter the world of agricultural waste valorization- a key part of the circular economy movement that turns waste into valuable resources. Valorization means transforming agricultural by-products into useful, value-added materials such as biofuels, fertilizers, bioplastics, and animal feed. It's a scientific yet practical approach that ensures nothing in farming goes to waste, closing the loop between production and reuse. In simple terms, valorization gives a second life to farm residues, turning them from pollutants into products.

Reservoir fisheries provide critical food security and livelihood opportunities worldwide. Effective management requires extension strategies bridging scientific knowledge and practical implementation through participatory methods, capacity building, and communitybased frameworks. Integration of traditional ecological knowledge with modern practices, coupled with effective communication and institutional support, forms the foundation of successful programs addressing climate change, habitat degradation, and socio-economic constraints.

The rapid penetration of smartphones and affordable internet in rural India has created new opportunities for disseminating agricultural knowledge directly to farming communities. Mobile applications have increasingly been recognized as practical tools for bridging the technical gap in fodder production, which underpins livestock productivity. This article examines the contribution of mobile apps to crop and fodder management, with emphasis on their roles in varietal choice, sowing practices, pest and disease monitoring, ration balancing, and access to market information. At the same time, persistent challenges must be addressed. Strengthening localization, enhancing offline and voice-based features, integrating artificial intelligence, and fostering stronger research and extension linkages will be key to maximizing their effectiveness. Overall, mobile applications represent a promising, scientifically validated pathway for reducing fodder deficits, enhancing livestock productivity, and contributing to sustainable, climate-resilient agriculture in India.

Soil is living, with a rich ecosystem of microbes, insects and fungi that can help grow food. Many of these web-building microorganisms are beneficial but what makes soilborne fungal pathogens such a significant agricultural problem is that they infect plants, leading to plant diseases including rotting and wilting as well damping-off. These fungi debilitate the roots of plants and diminish their vitality by having spores, waiting to initiate under appropriate conditions. These pathogens not only cause losses of crops and quality produce but also create health hazards for farmers by producing allergens and mycotoxins. The soil borne fungi have an ability to survive in the soil and make difficult challenge to manage them vital for sustainable agriculture and food security.

Ants, known for their complex social organization and ecological dominance, interact with a wide range of organisms, including parasitic fungi such as Ophiocordyceps unilateralis. This paper explores how this fungus infects and manipulates its ant hosts. After infection, the fungus invades the ant's body and nervous system, compelling it to exhibit abnormal behaviour, leaving the colony, climbing vegetation, and performing the fatal "death grip". This behaviour benefits the fungus by providing an ideal environment for spore dispersal. The discussion highlights the role of host specificity, genetic interactions, and the broader ecological impact of such parasitic relationships in regulating ant populations and maintaining ecosystem equilibrium.

Insects are increasingly recognized as a promising source of nutrition for humans and animals. Not only do they offer high?quality protein, essential amino acids, unsaturated fats, vitamins and minerals, but they can also be reared with far lower environmental footprint than conventional livestock. Many insect species (e.g. black soldier fly, crickets, mealworms) are being studied and used both for human food (entomophagy) and as feed ingredients for livestock, fish, poultry and pets. Key drivers include rising global protein demand, food waste, land use constraints, and climate change. However, challenges remain: consumer acceptance, regulations, food safety, cost of production, and scaling up insect farming. With supportive policy, improved processing, and continued research, insects could be an important component of sustainable food systems.

In the face of escalating environmental pressures that jeopardize global crop yields, enhancing crop stress tolerance becomes a paramount endeavour for restoring sufficient food production. Recently, biofilm-forming PGPR has emerged as a promising candidates for agricultural application. These biofilms are evidence of microorganism colonization on plant roots. Biofilm-mediated plant resilience represents a promising, eco-friendly approach to combat the growing challenges of abiotic stresses in agriculture. By producing extracellular polymeric substances, phytohormones, osmolytes and stress-modulating enzymes, biofilmforming plant growth-promoting microbes enhance root colonization, improve soil water and nutrient availability and buffer plants against drought, salinity, temperature extremes and heavy metal toxicity.