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There is higher growth rate of human population and livestock population, due to this, the gap between demand and supply for feed is also increased. High price and insufficient food supply lead to malnutrition in animals. Afterward, antibiotic resistance is also a burning issue. So, there is need to search for economically cheap and organic feed for animal feeding. Therefore, unconventional feeding is best option. Unconventional animal feeds exhibit unique characteristics and considerable variability. However, their effectiveness in monogastric animals is often limited by high levels of anti-nutritional factors and poor palatability. Feed fermentation may provide a viable solution to these challenges. Additionally, fermented unconventional feeds offer significant economic benefits and can serve as an effective alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, especially in light of increasing antibiotic restrictions, showing great promise in animal nutrition. This article delves into the types and characteristics of fermented unconventional feeds, the fermentation processes involved, their application outcomes, as well as the challenges and future prospects in their use for monogastric animals. We aim for this comprehensive overview to be a valuable resource for the development and implementation of unconventional feed resources in the feed industry.

Diseases are unavoidable evil as they are omnipresent where ever crop is grown and managing them effectively and efficiently is foremost important thing. Managing the disease in a manner that it does not affect the environment and foreguard human health is most important. In the virtue of managing plant pathogens using plant extracts and bio agents against plant pathogens is very effective. Plant extracts are made in minimal cost by following a simple process so using them instead of chemical fungicides is advisable.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), commonly known as "lady's finger" is a nutrient-dense vegetable widely consumed across the world for its versatility and health benefits. This article explores okra?s rich nutritional profile, highlighting its high content of vitamins C, K, and A, fiber, antioxidants, and essential minerals such as magnesium and potassium. These nutrients contribute to improved heart health, enhanced digestive function, better blood sugar regulation, and boosted immunity. Additionally, okra is low in calories and high in fiber, making it ideal for weight management. With its many health benefits, okra is a valuable addition to a balanced diet.

Sucking pests significantly hinder the production of brinjal, a crucial vegetable crop in the world. The main sucking pests of brinjal, such as aphids, whiteflies, Thrips, and Mealy bugs are the subject of this article because they extract sap and spread viruses that can seriously harm the plant. The article covers the life cycle, nature of damage, damage symptoms and identification of these pests, along with the financial losses that ensue. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques such as chemical, biological, cultural, and resistant cultivar approaches are emphasised. The goal of this article is to give farmers, researchers, and politicians a foundation for creating efficient and sustainable management strategies for sucking pests of brinjal.

Trichogramma species parasitize insect eggs, as aespecially the eggs of lepidopterous pests and are mostly whole till date, many species of Trichogramma have utilized in biological control programme in agricultural crops and forest tree and recorded across the world. Inundative releases of Trichogramma spp. for the management of lepidoptera pests of major crops including maize corn borer, diamondback moth, cotton bollworms, rice striped stem borer, rice yellow stem borer and leaf folder etc., have been reported worldwide.

Borassus flabellifer, known as the Palmyra Palm, is a versatile and celestial tree originating from Africa, Asia and Sri Lanka but flourishing in diverse drier regions. With its unique black trunk and fan-shaped leaves, this dioecious tree produces sweet jelly seed-filled fruits, enjoyed ripe or unripe. Cultivating Palmyra palms requires careful seed handling, precise planting, and patience due to their slow growth. Beyond agriculture, this palm offers numerous value-added products, from traditional uses like thatching and basket weaving to modern applications in beverages and handicrafts. The Palmyra Palm has a rich cultural and medicinal heritage, used for generations to treat ailments and as a vital part of local traditions and foosd, a remarkable and adaptable plant, benefits small and marginal farming communities with its diverse utility, making it a valuable resource for nutrition and livelihoods in various regions.

Heavy metal contamination in urban soils poses significant environmental and public health risks. Urbanization, industrial activities, and vehicular emissions are major contributors to elevated levels of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) in soils. This article reviews the primary sources of heavy metal contamination in urban areas, examines the health and ecological risks associated with such pollution, and explores various remediation strategies to reduce contamination and mitigate its impact on human and environmental health.

This article highlights the essential roles of Geographic Information Science (GIS) and remote sensing in addressing natural resource and environmental challenges. It emphasizes the integration of big data and artificial intelligence to enhance applications in these fields. Key components such as geo-modeling and geo-analysis are discussed alongside advancements in remote sensing technologies. The paper explores various applications, including agriculture, soil science, water resource management, and disaster management, underscoring the need for innovative methodologies and multi-source data integration to tackle pressing global issues like climate change and resource mismanagement.

As the world grapples with climate change and the urgent need to transition away from fossil fuels, researchers are exploring alternative sources of renewable energy. One promising candidate is seaweed, a form of marine biomass that grows abundantly in oceans and requires no freshwater, fertilizers, or land to cultivate. This article delves into the potential of seaweed as a biofuel and its role in shaping the future of renewable energy.

Biofortification is a leading-edge strategy to boost the nutritional value of crops, thereby addressing global malnutrition challenges. It not only tackles food insecurity but also improves the economy of the country. Agronomic biofortification can be an important tool in combating malnutrition and achieving nutritional security. In recent hours its importance has increased because of limited access to nutritious foods and climate change-related issues. It is a means of increasing the bioavailability of nutrients in plants and plant products by use of befitted fertilizer form, application method, and time of application. The significance of agronomic biofortification for global nutrition and food security has been underscored by recent technical advancements and an increasing awareness of mineral micronutrient nutrition.

The utilization of fish-based collagen is growing fast due to its unique properties in comparison with mammalian-based collagen. Fish based collagen has no risk of transmitting diseases, a lack of religious constraints, a cost-effective process, low molecular weight, biocompatibility, and its easy absorption by the human body. Collagen is the most abundant structural protein in the extracellular matrix of the various connective tissues in the body such as skin, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. The application of collagen is used as biomaterials, especially as drug and gene carriers, tissue engineering, absorbable surgical suture, osteogenic and bone filling materials, hemostatic agents, immobilization of therapeutic enzymes etc.

Insects, often celebrated for their beauty, serve as compelling subjects in the world of philately-the collection and study of stamps. This article explores the significance of insectthemed stamps, highlighting their role in promoting awareness of biodiversity and entomology. Philately, a hobby enjoyed by millions globally, provides a unique medium for countries to showcase cultural and scientific achievements through postage stamps. Insect stamps, in particular, offer a vibrant and lasting representation of various species, enhancing public engagement with entomology. The first insect stamp was issued in Nicaragua in 1890, followed by significant contributions from countries like India, where the first stamp depicting a mosquito was released in 1955. Despite India?s limited output in this realm, stamps featuring butterflies and ladybird beetles underscore the nation?s rich biodiversity. This paper advocates for the use of insect stamps as effective educational resources, fostering interest in entomology among students and the general public. By promoting the collection of insect stamps, we can cultivate a deeper appreciation for insect diversity and conservation while serving as accessible teaching tools across various educational settings.

The domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), originating from the red junglefowl, is essential to global food production, as well as entertainment and cultural traditions. In India, the poultry industry consists of both large-scale commercial operations and small-scale rural farms. Indigenous breeds like Aseel and Kadaknath are valued for their hardiness and cultural significance. As of 2019, India?s poultry population reached 851.81 million, with significant growth in backyard poultry. India ranks as the third-largest global egg producer and fifth in chicken meat production. In 2022-23, total egg production was 138.38 billion, and poultry meat production reached five million metric tons, contributing 51% to the nation?s total meat output. Leading poultry-producing states include West Bengal, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh. The rapid growth of the sector is primarily driven by commercial farms in southern India. Conservation efforts like The All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Poultry are crucial to protect traditional breeds amidst industrialization which focuses on developing location-specific chicken varieties, conserving and improving native and elite poultry germplasm, and promoting rural entrepreneurship.

Trichoderma has been used effectively against plant pathogenic fungi include Fusarium, Phytophthora, Sclerotinia, and other fungal pathogens. It produces antibiotics and poisons like trichothecin, sesquiterpene and Trichodermin. Which have direct effect of fungal pathogens and mass multiplication of Trichoderma in the Molasses Yeast Medium because it is provide good growth of fungal growth and multiplication. Its broth medium mix into 1:2 ratio with talc powder for commercial purpose. It is widely used for management of soil born of plant pathogens such as Fusarium, Phytophthora, Sclerotinia. It produces antibiotics and poisons like trichothecin, sesquiterpene and Trichodermin.

Biologically active compounds used in agriculture that develop near aquatic environments easily spill into rivers or other aquatic system. Pesticides have been found to be highly toxic not only for fish but also to the other organisms which constitute the food chain. Bioaccumulations of these pesticides danger the long-term survival of fishes by disrupting the ecological relationships between organisms and diversity loss. Insecticides, herbicides and fungicides are observed worldwide in aquatic environments and accumulated in aquatic organism. Many insecticides, including organochlorine and organophosphate, have long been banned long ago because of their high persistence and non-target toxicity. Pesticides Effect on hemato-biochemical parameters and histopathology of several important organs of fish.

Agroecology is an emerging field that integrates ecological concepts into agricultural systems, aiming to create resilient and sustainable farming practices. It emphasizes the interconnections between crops, livestock, humans, and the surrounding environment, focusing on minimizing harmful environmental impacts while ensuring food security. This approach is increasingly seen as essential in addressing the challenges of modern agriculture, including biodiversity loss, soil degradation, climate change, and social equity.

Rice-duck farming represents an innovative and sustainable agricultural system that synergizes rice cultivation with duck rearing, offering significant environmental and economic benefits. This integrated approach minimizes the dependency on chemical pesticides and herbicides by employing ducks as natural agents for pest and weed control. The ducks' activities, including foraging and trampling, naturally enhance soil health by increasing nutrient levels and improving soil aeration, thereby contributing to higher rice yields. Additionally, rice-duck farming has been shown to reduce methane emissions from rice paddies, aligning with global efforts to mitigate climate change. While this farming method holds considerable promise, challenges such as the initial capital investment and the complexities of managing duck populations must be addressed to facilitate its wider adoption in sustainable agriculture.

Goat farming in India is a female dominated enterprise. Goats are usually maintained in extensive and semi intensive system and the productivity of goats is very low as the animals mainly subsist on crop residues, tree leaves and natural grasses with little or no concentrate mixture. Goats in stall feeding show faster growth rate by feeding high protein concentrate with quality green fodder. Broiler goat production system is being popular and considered as an alternate feeding approach in which animals were provided energy, protein and critical nutrients in the specified quantity in concentrate mixture. The feed escalation in this intensive feeding system can be reduced by providing quality fodder with proper ratio and standardised method of feeding to achieve optimum growth performance following proper housing, health and management. This system ensures early attainable market age and better economic return to the farm women engaged in goat rearing in entrepreneurship mode.

The silvi-pastoral systems have been in practice for centuries in hot arid and semi-arid regions of India, new technical and socio-economic approaches are needed to increase productivity and sustainability. The complexity of process that determines the responses of grasses and trees to the environment and to each other requires large scale scientific assessment involving both "on station" and "on farm" researches. However, beneficial an alternative model of land utilisation may be. It will only be adopted if it is culturally and financially sound. But on the basis of available evidences from the researches carried out so far, it could be concluded that if compatible tree species are properly incorporated on pastures or on farm lands, over all biomass level could be enhanced, even under unfavourable climatic, edaphic and economic conditions in arid and semi-and regions.

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is the cornerstone of sericulture, as its leaves are the primary feed for silkworms (Bombyx mori L.). Efficient and rapid propagation of mulberry plants is essential to meet the ever-growing demand for high-quality mulberry leaves in sericulture. Mini clonal technology, which allows for mass propagation of genetically identical and disease-free plants has gained prominence in the mulberry industry. The age of the planting material, specifically the age of the source plant from which cuttings are taken is a critical factor influencing the success rate of rooting and the survival of propagated mini clones. This article explores how the age of the planting material affects the physiological, biochemical and morphological properties of mulberry mini clones and consequently, their survivability. A detailed understanding of this influence is essential for optimizing propagation protocols thereby ensuring higher survival rates and improving the overall efficiency of mulberry production.

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a critical plant for sericulture, serving as the exclusive feed for the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The propagation of high-quality, genetically uniform mulberry plants is essential to meet the growing demand for sericulture. Mini clonal technology has become a reliable method for large-scale propagation of mulberry thereby offering efficient multiplication of elite clones. However, the success of mini clonal technology is highly dependent on environmental factors particularly relative humidity (RH). RH plays a vital role in various physiological processes including water retention, transpiration and root development which will directly influence the survival of mulberry mini clones during propagation. This article explores the complex interactions between RH and plant physiology and their collective impact on the survivability of mulberry mini clones propagated through mini clonal technology.

Finding new biological products and activities in natural habitats that have potential biotechnological uses is known as "bioprospecting." Particularly, marine bioprospecting is a systematic search of marine organisms from the sea, along the coast, fjords, seabed, or oil reservoirs beneath the seabed. The process of marine bioprospecting involves search and discovery, beginning with the selection of appropriate environments and sampling methods based on previous information. It continues with the retrieval of biological materials and their proper storage, proceeds through screening for desired attributes such as microbial assemblages, cells, macromolecules, metabolites, or bioactive compounds using an evergrowing toolkit, and culminates in the development of commercial products or processes. This workflow represents a value-adding chain that ends with the addition of products and services responding to societal needs.

Water is an important input in crop production. Before using, the water's suitability for usage needs to be determined by testing its quality. Whether it is pumped from tube wells or diverted from streams, irrigation water contains a sizable amount of dangerous compounds in solution that could lower crop output and can reduce the fertility of the soil. The primary attributes used to evaluate the quality of irrigation water are sodium absorption ratio (SAR), total dissolved solids (TDS), and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) and Electrical Conductivity (EC). The water's quality is being declined as a result of the untreated industrial effluent and agricultural saline being disposed of effluents straight into canal water and groundwater. Therefore, determination of the quality of irrigation water is important before applying it to irrigation.

Agrotextiles are advanced textile solutions that play a pivotal role in boosting agricultural productivity and promoting sustainable farming practices. Crafted from natural fibers like coir and jute, as well as synthetic materials, these textiles fulfill diverse functions such as controlling soil erosion, conserving water, and shielding crops from pests and harsh weather. Products like mulch mats, shade nets, insect nets, and erosion control blankets are widely utilized to enhance crop yields, protect plants, and improve soil quality. As the impacts of climate change become more pronounced, agrotextiles are proving essential for farmers, offering vital protection against extreme conditions like frost, drought, and heavy rainfall. By creating favorable microclimates and improving water retention, these textiles help optimize agricultural output under challenging environmental circumstances. Biodegradable agrotextiles provide an eco-friendly alternative to conventional plastic-based materials, significantly reducing the ecological impact of modern farming. Through their multifaceted benefits, agrotextiles not only support sustainable agriculture but also contribute to the resilience of farming systems in the phase of ongoing environmental challenges.

Inland fisheries represent a significant untapped market with substantial potential for contributing to food security, employment, and economic growth. With growing demand for high-quality protein and sustainable food sources, inland fish farming presents opportunities for both local and international markets. This study examines the market potential for inland fish species, focusing on consumer trends, pricing dynamics, and competitive advantages. It explores the benefits of promoting species like catla, rohu, and tilapia, which are in high demand due to their nutritional value, adaptability to different farming conditions, and efficient growth rates.

India, with its extensive coastline of over 7,500 kilometers along the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, has significant potential for seaweed cultivation and harvesting (Reddy et al.,2016). The country is home to a variety of seaweed species, and the sector is gradually gaining attention for its commercial and ecological benefits. Seaweeds are marine algae that grow in oceans and other bodies of saltwater. They play an essential role in the marine ecosystem by producing oxygen, providing food, and offering habitats for marine life.

Michelia champaca, commonly known as Champaca, is a prominent evergreen tree renowned for its fragrant flowers and significant medicinal properties. Originating from Southeast Asia and belonging to the Magnoliaceae family, Michelia champaca holds immense cultural, ornamental, and therapeutic value. This article delves into the multiutility of this remarkable plant, focusing on its botanical characteristics, ecological significance, traditional and modern medicinal applications, economic benefits, and its role in various cultural practices. In doing so, it highlights Michelia champaca's importance in diverse fields such as medicine, perfumery, and sustainable landscaping.

A promising soilless farming method for solving future food crisis is called Aeroponics. The new way of farming method to grow plants which is popular is the aeroponic farming system. Aeroponic farming is a type of vertical farming. Due to this farming system the root zone is controlled with nutrients and water content and also the environmental conditions. These inputs have complete access to the roots throughout the life of the crop. This aeroponic farming is superior to the conventional methods of propagation.

The increase in world's population is accompanied with increase in demand for food. Climate change worsens the situation by making plants more prone to abiotic and biotic stresses. The defense responses produced by plants against various stresses are controlled by the stress responsive genes which in turn are regulated by a number of elements. One such inorganic element that plays an important role in upregulating the expression of stress responsive genes is silicon (Si). The beneficial effects of Si on plant growth are attributed to physical, biochemical and molecular aspects. Application of silicon increases the antioxidant enzymes activities, relative leaf water content, improves ionic homeostasis etc. Si increases the activity of defense-related enzymes, antimicrobial compounds production and regulates systemic signalling pathways. Thus silicon has the ability to improve overall plant performance under stress conditions by working at physiological and molecular levels.

A successful conception in dairy cows and buffaloes was determined by effective and correct time estrus detection and successful artificial insemination or natural service. All the cows and buffaloes presented to the dispensaries and referral centres with the history of estrus for artificial insemination were not in true estrus and not fit for artificial insemination, because they were in mid-cycle estrus. It is one of the recent threats for dairy farm and dairy industry in term of economic loss due to failure of getting pregnant. The present communication elaborate the mid-cycle estrus in dairy cows and buffaloes and strategies to combat it.

Integrating machine learning (ML) algorithms into crop modeling offers a transformative approach to enhancing agricultural systems' predictive accuracy and adaptability amid climate change pressures. This article examines recent advancements in ML applications within crop modeling, emphasizing improvements in real-time monitoring, scenario analysis and climate-resilient strategy development. Key ML methods-including supervised, unsupervised, and deep learning-are explored for analyzing extensive datasets such as remote sensing imagery, meteorological data, and soil properties. These methods enable precise predictions of crop growth and yield, support early detection of climate-induced stressors and allow for simulation of future climate impacts. Additionally, ML-driven optimization of crop management, including planting schedules and resource allocation, fosters effective adaptation strategies, enhancing crop resilience and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Despite these advancements, challenges persist related to data quality, model interpretability and the scalability of ML applications across diverse agricultural settings.

Groundwater, a vital freshwater resource, is crucial for domestic, agricultural, and environmental needs. India is the largest user of groundwater, using 230 cubic kilometres annually for irrigated land and drinking water. Post-Green Revolution agricultural practices have led to depletion and contamination, with water-intensive crops like rice and wheat straining the resource. India's outdated groundwater regulation complicates sustainable management. Recent government initiatives aim to improve water use efficiency and promote sustainable farming. However, effective groundwater management requires stronger laws, coordinated policies, and community participation for long-term sustainability.

Phanerogamic plant parasites, also known as flowering plant parasites, are a complex aspect of plant biology and ecology. These parasitic plants, which belong to various families and genera, derive their nutritional requirements from other living plants. They have evolved strategies to exploit host plants, often forming specialized structures. This interaction impacts the health and growth of host plants and plays a significant role in ecosystem dynamics. Plants can be divided into two categories such as Phanerogam plants and cryptogam plants. Phanerogams are flowering plants that produce seeds, while cryptogams reproduce by spores and do not produce seeds or flowers. Thus, A phanerogamic parasite is a flowering plant that parasitizes a healthy plant, relying on the host for food and nutrition (Costa et al., 2024).

Seaweed farming is one of the fastest-growing sectors in aquaculture, contributing significantly to global food, industrial, and pharmaceutical markets. Below is an overview of the current state of global seaweed production based on available data. Global Production Volume in 2020 Data- Global seaweed production reached approximately 35.8 million metric tons (fresh weight). This production is dominated by aquaculture, with nearly 97% of seaweed coming from farmed sources. The largest producers are China and Indonesia, contributing a significant share of global production. China alone accounted for more than 57% of global seaweed output.

A case of perineal congenital defect (atresia ani) has been reported in non-descript buffalo calf and its successful management through surgical intervention.

Agricultural robotics, or "Agribots," is revolutionizing modern farming by integrating advanced technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence and automation to improve efficiency, precision and sustainability in agricultural practices. These autonomous machines perform various tasks?planting, harvesting, irrigation and pest control?more accurately and efficiently, reducing labor costs and optimizing resource use. While agricultural robotics holds significant potential to address critical challenges like labor shortages, rising input costs and the need for sustainable farming, their widespread adoption faces hurdles such as high initial costs, technological complexities and the requirement for specialized training. Globally, countries like the U.S., Japan and several European nations are at the forefront of this innovation, with India also making strides through government support, research initiatives and local startups. To overcome barriers and ensure balanced integration, collaboration among technology developers, policymakers and farmers is essential. As agricultural robots continue to evolve, they promise to enhance productivity, promote sustainability and support global food security in an increasingly demanding world.

Microbes are essential tools in plant health management and bioremediation. Beneficial microorganisms, such as mycorrhizae and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, improve plant health by enhancing nutrient absorption, promoting growth, and controlling soil-borne pathogens. In bioremediation, microbes break down environmental pollutants, effectively cleaning contaminated soils and waters. This dual application of microbes supports sustainable agricultural practices and aids in environmental recovery, making them crucial for enhancing crop productivity and restoring polluted ecosystems.

Green technologies have emerged as a key player in combating environmental degradation and driving sustainability across various sectors. These eco-friendly innovations aim to reduce harm, regenerate natural resources, and promote sustainable practices. This article provides an extensive review of green technologies, including renewable energy, sustainable transportation, waste management, energy efficiency solutions, and many others. The article explores how green technologies, such as solar power, biofuels, and smart grid technologies, are leading the way toward a sustainable future. However, despite their benefits, the adoption of these technologies faces several challenges, including high initial costs, lack of infrastructure, and limited public awareness. Overcoming these obstacles requires collective efforts from policymakers, industries, and the general public to accelerate the transition to a greener economy. Ultimately, green technologies hold the potential to create a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable world for future generations.

Land is a critical input that impacts on revenue generation of many stakeholders over different eras of socioeconomic development. However, the importance of land on livelihood generation of farming communities through agriculture has been taken very seriously during these days when any outcome becomes more accountable one for grassroot living and its own sustenance. So, reforms and policy formulations have been carried out to overcome any challenges in the sector. As land is a limiting factor, its importance could not be overlooked in the populous country like India where agriculture to industry is necessity for social existence. The present article highlights the history of land, its importance and substituent challenges in present days of socioeconomic development.

?Blooming Futures: New Emerging Technologies in Floriculture? summarize the keen impact of technological advancements on the evolution of floriculture. It explained how current challenges like, climate change and resource scarcity have spurred the adoption of innovative solutions within the industry. Through precision agriculture, genetic engineering, vertical farming, and automation, floriculture has more traditional limitations, enhancing sustain-ability, productivity and product quality. The abstract underscores the significance of ethical and regulatory considerations amidst this technological revolution, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that harmonizes innovation with environmental care and societal well-being. By these emerging technologies while navigating associated challenges, the floriculture sector stands assured to cultivate a future characterized by resilience, efficiency and continual innovation.

Enhancing profitability in agriculture is vital to ensure food security, alleviate poverty, and promote rural development. This article examines the various approaches for increasing profitability in Indian agriculture such as improving agricultural productivity, enhancing market access, adopting sustainable agricultural practices, risk mitigation and insurance, access to credit and financial inclusion as well as diversification and value addition. The article also highlights the role of different flagship schemes of the Government like PMKISAN, PMKSY, NMSA, PKVY, PMFBY etc aimed at promoting agriculture and improving the livelihoods of farmers in India.

Rhizoctonia solani is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are thin, effused, and web-like, but the fungus is more typically encountered in its anamorphic state, as hyphae and sclerotia. The inability of contaminated seeds to germinate, or "damping off," is the most typical sign of rhizoctonia. R. solani can destroy extremely young seedlings shortly after they emerge from the soil, or it can enter the seed before it has germinated to induce this pre-emergent damping down. Bio-nanoparticles can have positive environmental effects, such as reduced toxicity and increased solubility of pesticides. However, it's important to use nanotechnology responsibly, as there are concerns about environmental and non-target organism safety. Nanoparticles can help plants resist disease by activating their defense mechanisms or deactivating microbes.

Designer eggs are those whose composition has been deliberately modified to enhance their nutritional value beyond that of regular eggs. This is achieved by altering the diet or managing the immune systems of laying hens, resulting in eggs free from harmful components and enriched with beneficial nutrients. Designer eggs offer various health advantages, such as lower cholesterol, higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids, and an optimal omega-6 to omega-3 ratio, which contribute to cardiovascular health. These eggs are particularly valued for their enhanced nutritional profile, including increased antioxidants like vitamin E and carotenoids, as well as higher levels of n-3 fatty acids like Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These improvements not only enhance the eggs' stability during storage and cooking but also ensure the availability of essential nutrients without compromising taste. Consuming designer eggs can significantly boost up the antioxidant and n-3 fatty acid status of individuals, making them a valuable addition to a healthy diet. According to relevant scientific research and reviews, "designer eggs" represent a promising development in the functional food industry, paving the way for set up a new era of healthfocused food products that cater to the evolving needs of consumers.