Artificial lipid membranes have become indispensable model systems for understanding the structural and functional properties of biological membranes. By replicating the essential features of natural lipid bilayers under controlled experimental conditions, these biomimetic platforms enable detailed investigations of membrane organization, transport processes, protein?lipid interactions, and cellular communication. This article provides an overview of the major classes of artificial lipid membrane systems, including black lipid membranes, solid-supported lipid bilayers, tethered bilayer lipid membranes, and synthetic vesicles, highlighting their structural characteristics, fabrication approaches, advantages, and limitations. It further discusses their diverse applications in membrane chemistry, including biosensor development, drug discovery and permeability testing, electrophysiological studies, and synthetic biology. Recent advances in artificial cell research and membrane engineering demonstrate the growing potential of these systems for developing responsive biomimetic platforms capable of mimicking complex cellular functions. Although challenges remain in recreating the dynamic complexity of living cell membranes, continued progress in membrane engineering, nanotechnology, and synthetic biology is expected to expand the practical applications of artificial lipid membranes in biomedical research, diagnostics, personalized medicine, environmental monitoring, and sustainable biotechnology. As increasingly sophisticated model systems emerge, artificial lipid membranes will continue to serve as powerful tools for advancing both fundamental membrane science and innovative technological applications.

Artificial intelligence is changing the way we diagnose diseases in vegetables. It allows for fast and accurate diagnosis of various fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases through the use of advanced technology that involves image recognition, machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision using smartphones, drones, and smart cameras. This article aims to identify how AI works, its applications, its role in education through teachable machines, and the use of AI in encouraging precision farming. In summary, AI technology in disease detection provides an excellent solution for minimizing crop losses and increasing productivity in vegetable farming.

Increasing concern regarding environmental contamination, pesticide resistance and adverse impacts of chemicals on non-target organisms have intensified the search for sustainable alternatives in insect pest management. Endophytes that colonize internal plant tissues without causing disease, have emerged as promising bio-control agents for crop protection. Endophytes agents enhance plant growth, improves stress tolerance, and confers resistance against insect pests through various direct and indirect mechanisms. These microorganisms produce bio-active compounds, induce systemic resistance, alter plant nutritional quality and influence insect behavior, thereby reducing insect infestation and damage. This article highlights the diversity of endophytes, their mechanism of action against insect pests, success stories in agricultural system and future prospects for their utilization in eco-friendly insect pest management.