Microplastics (MPs), plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, have emerged as persistent contaminants in agricultural ecosystems due to the extensive use of plastic mulches, greenhouse films, irrigation systems, sewage sludge, compost, fertilizers, and atmospheric deposition. Their accumulation in agricultural soils poses significant threats to soil quality, crop productivity, ecosystem functioning, and food safety. Recent studies indicate that MPs alter soil physical properties by modifying aggregate stability, bulk density, porosity, and water-holding capacity, while simultaneously influencing soil chemical characteristics, including nutrient availability, pH, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon dynamics. Microplastics also disrupt soil microbial diversity, enzyme activities, and nutrient cycling, thereby affecting essential ecosystem services. Increasing evidence demonstrates that micro- and nanoplastics can be absorbed by plant roots through apoplastic and symplastic pathways and subsequently translocated to edible tissues, leading to reductions in seed germination, root development, photosynthesis, biomass accumulation, and crop yield. Furthermore, MPs act as vectors for heavy metals, pesticides, antibiotics, and pathogenic microorganisms, raising concerns regarding food quality, antibiotic resistance, and human health. This review critically synthesizes recent advances in understanding the sources, occurrence, transport, environmental fate, and ecological impacts of microplastics in agricultural systems. The review also discusses current mitigation strategies, biodegradable alternatives, remediation technologies, and future research priorities aimed at minimizing microplastic contamination while promoting sustainable agricultural production. Developing integrated management strategies is essential for protecting soil health, ensuring food security, and achieving long-term environmental sustainability.