Nitrogenous fertilizers have played a major role in increasing agricultural productivity and supporting global food security. However, their excessive and inefficient use can result in considerable nitrogen losses to soil, water and the atmosphere, leading to groundwater contamination, eutrophication, ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas emissions. The extent of nitrogen pollution is influenced by fertilizer type, application rate, soil characteristics, climate and crop-management practices. Improving nitrogen-use efficiency through precision fertilization, enhanced-efficiency fertilizers and integrated nutrient management can help minimize these losses. Biological approaches, appropriate fertilizer management, farmer awareness and supportive policies can further promote sustainable nitrogen use. Therefore, future nitrogen management should focus on achieving higher crop productivity while minimizing environmental and health impacts. A balanced approach to nitrogen use is essential for ensuring food security, environmental sustainability and longterm agricultural resilience.