Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Coleb. (Indian frankincense or Salai) is a valuable medicinal and aromatic tree species of the family Burseraceae, widely distributed in the dry deciduous forests of India. The species is renowned for its gum resin, essential oils and diverse therapeutic properties, particularly in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine for treating inflammatory disorders, arthritis, respiratory ailments, gastrointestinal diseases and skin conditions. Besides its medicinal importance, the resin is utilized in the production of incense, varnishes, turpentine and pharmaceutical products. Despite its economic and ecological significance, B. serrata faces threats from poor natural regeneration, habitat degradation, climate change and unsustainable resin extraction. Sustainable harvesting, improved propagation, genetic conservation and effective management strategies are essential for its long-term conservation and utilization.