Climate change is gradually affecting livestock health, productivity, and reproductive efficiency through rising temperatures, altered rainfall, droughts, floods, and other environmental stresses. Heat stress adversely affects both female and male reproduction by disrupting hormonal balance, estrus expression, ovarian function, embryo development, spermatogenesis, and semen quality. Buffalo bulls are particularly vulnerable because their spermatozoa are highly susceptible to oxidative damage caused by increased reactive oxygen species. These reproductive losses can compromise sustainable livestock production and food security. Effective adaptation measures include genetic selection for heat tolerance, provision of shade and cooling systems, nutritional management, antioxidant supplementation, and reproductive interventions such as hormonal synchronization and fixed-time artificial insemination. Integrating these approaches can improve thermotolerance, reproductive performance, and climate resilience in livestock production systems.