Mango fruit flies are hidden but highly destructive pest that threatens profitable and sustainable mango production in India and other tropical countries. Among the different species, Bactrocera dorsalis is the most damaging due to its rapid multiplication, wide host range, and severe fruit infestation. The pest causes internal fruit damage, premature fruit drop, rotting, and significant reduction in market and export quality, leading to economic losses ranging from 20-80% under favourable conditions. Because the larvae feed inside the fruit, early detection is often difficult. This article highlights the distribution, identification, life cycle, symptoms, and economic importance of mango fruit flies. It also emphasizes Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as the most effective and environmentally safe strategy for control. Important practices include orchard sanitation, destruction of fallen fruits, deep ploughing, fruit bagging, methyl eugenol traps, protein bait sprays, conservation of natural enemies, and need-based application of selective insecticides such as spinosd. The article further discusses the possible influence of climate change on fruit fly outbreaks and the role of emerging technologies such as smart trapping systems, AI-based monitoring, and drone-assisted surveillance. Adoption of farmer-friendly IPM practices can reduce pesticide dependence, improve fruit quality, protect the environment, and enhance the export competitiveness of mango growers.