With a total output of 247.87 million metric tonnes in 2024, India is currently the largest producer of milk in the world. Dairy farming accounts for the economic foundation of rural India, with over 80 million dairy farmers making their living from this industry, the majority of which are small to medium-sized farms. While the shift to crossbred and exotic cattle breeds has increased both production and productivity, the increased input costs and increased susceptibility to disease have been compounded by an alarming decrease in the number of indigenous cattle genetic resources and breeds. A2 milk is produced by indigenous breeds of cattle in India (e.g., Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar, Kangayam) and is being promoted as a potential remedy for these problems. Native Indian breeds are the only source of A2 ?-casein, which is the form of ?-casein in milk from these breeds. The difference between A1 and A2 ?-casein is one amino acid (A1 ?-casein contains histidine, while A2 ?-casein contains proline). Research on A2 milk is currently being conducted and is showing a greater degree of gastrointestinal tolerance than conventional milk when consumed by many people.