Avian botulism is a toxin-mediated paralytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinum, posing a serious threat to wild and domestic bird populations worldwide. In Rajasthan, India? particularly in wetlands such as Sambhar Lake?recurrent outbreaks have resulted in significant mortality among migratory and resident birds. Environmental factors such as high temperature, low water levels, and organic matter accumulation promote toxin production. Transmission occurs primarily through ingestion of toxin-contaminated food, especially via the carcass?maggot cycle. Clinically, affected birds exhibit progressive flaccid paralysis, including the characteristic ?limberneck.? Although treatment options exist, they are impractical during large outbreaks. Prevention depends on environmental management, carcass disposal, and early disease surveillance. This article presents a comprehensive overview of avian botulism with special reference to Rajasthan, integrating epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, treatment, prevention, and case studies.