Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential micronutrient required in trace amounts (0.2?2 mg kg??) but plays a critical role in nitrogen metabolism through enzymes such as nitrate reductase and nitrogenase, thereby influencing crop productivity. Its deficiency, particularly in acidic soils, is an emerging concern in Indian agriculture, leading to poor plant growth and reduced yields, while excess Mo can cause toxicity. Molybdenum is also important for animal and human health, though imbalances may result in disorders such as molybdenosis. Its availability in soils is largely governed by pH, organic matter and nutrient interactions, with higher availability under alkaline conditions. Proper management of Mo is therefore essential for sustaining crop production and soil fertility.