Aquaculture has emerged as one of the fastest-growing food-producing sectors in the world, contributing significantly to global food security and nutritional demand. However, the rapid intensification of aquaculture practices has increased the occurrence of infectious diseases, leading to the extensive use of antibiotics for disease prevention and treatment. Continuous and indiscriminate application of antibiotics has resulted in the development of antimicrobial resistance, environmental contamination, and accumulation of antibiotic residues in aquatic products, posing serious risks to aquatic organisms, human health, and ecosystem sustainability. In recent years, probiotics have gained considerable attention as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture. Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that improve the microbial balance of the host, enhance digestion and nutrient utilization, stimulate immune responses, and inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms through competitive exclusion and production of antimicrobial substances. Various probiotic strains, including species of Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, and Saccharomyces, have demonstrated positive effects on fish and shrimp health, growth performance, survival rate, water quality management, and disease resistance. The use of probiotics not only reduces dependency on antibiotics but also promotes environmentally sustainable aquaculture practices. This article highlights the importance, mechanisms, benefits, and future prospects of probiotics in aquaculture as a safer and more effective alternative to antibiotics for achieving healthy and sustainable aquatic production systems.