This article examines the concept, challenges, and strategies associated with the goal of doubling farmers? income in India. Agriculture continues to play a crucial role in the Indian economy, yet farmers face persistent issues such as low productivity, price volatility, rising input costs, climate change, and limited access to credit and markets. The study highlights that farmers? income is influenced by multiple factors including productivity, cost efficiency, diversification, and market access. Despite various government initiatives like e-NAM and crop insurance schemes, structural and institutional constraints hinder effective implementation. The paper emphasizes the need for a multi-dimensional approach involving technological adoption, market reforms, infrastructure development, diversification into allied sectors, and strengthened policy support. It concludes that doubling farmers? income is not a short-term target but requires long-term structural transformation for sustainable and inclusive agricultural growth in India.