Selective breeding is important to improving aquaculture species growth rate, illness resilience, and reproduction ability. Genetic improvement attempts on shrimp, tilapia, Indian major carps, rainbow trout, and Atlantic salmon have generated measurable genetic progress. With more precise technologies like genomic selection and molecular markers such as SNPs and QTLs coming into existence, the much-maligned breeding results hold more accuracy. The threats to genetic diversity with inbreeding and biosecurity concerns remain real and even more critical in aquatic settings. Barraged by environmental threats and technological constraints, shrimp breeding is far from a potent application. Recent innovations such as feed optimisation and CRISPR-Cas9 are delineating our future strategies. The avenue widening for scientific intervention in aquaculture stands to greatly enhance food security and sustainability, and maintain cultured species' genetic integrity and commercial value.