Termites are highly efficient lignocellulose degraders due to their symbiotic gut microbiota, which includes bacteria, archaea, and protists. This review explores the diversity, enzymatic capabilities, and ecological interactions of termite gut microbes and examines their potential applications in agriculture. Current knowledge on cellulose-degrading pathways, microbial community organization, and host?symbiont co-evolution is synthesized. A case study highlights the application of termite-derived microbes in sustainable crop residue management and soil fertility enhancement. Challenges, future directions, and biotechnological opportunities are discussed.