Trichomes are specialized epidermal structures that exhibit remarkable diversity in form and function across plant species. They play vital roles in defence, temperature regulation, water conservation, and metabolite production. Depending on their structure and function, trichomes are broadly classified as non-glandular, which provide mechanical protection and glandular, which secrete valuable secondary metabolites such as essential oils, resins and alkaloids. Their development is regulated by complex genetic networks involving transcription factors like GLABRA1 (GL1), GLABRA3 (GL3) and TTG1, along with hormonal control from gibberellins, cytokinin and jasmonic acid. Trichomes contribute significantly to plant adaptation under both biotic and abiotic stresses acting as physical barriers, reflecting radiation and secreting defence compounds. Advances in molecular genetics and biotechnology have enabled the exploitation of trichome traits for crop improvement, pest resistance and metabolite enhancement, positioning them as key targets for sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture.