Scientific aquaculture has emerged as a transformative force in rural Odisha, converting traditional subsistence fish farming into a viable livelihood and entrepreneurial activity. This article examines the shift from low-yield, rain-dependent fish culture to modern, scientific practices involving pond preparation, quality seed, feed management, and water quality control. Highlighting the impact on productivity, income, and women?s participation, the paper underscores how aquaculture is reshaping socio-economic conditions, enhancing resilience, and contributing to rural development. Challenges such as input costs, credit access, and quality seed supply are also discussed, alongside strategies for sustainable growth.