The technique of molecular plant breeding has transformed crop improvement in the twenty-first century by the integration of various methods such as genomics, molecular markers, and conventional practices. The advances in molecular genetics tools such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genomic selection (GS), and gene editing (notably CRISPR) have accelerated breeding cycles and enhanced precision in selecting traits like disease resistance, drought tolerance, and yield and quality. The success stories include the development of rice varieties resistant to various disease such as bacterial blight, blast in rice and drought-tolerant chickpeas. However, many challenges such as the complexity of polygenic traits, high costs, regulatory hurdles, ethical concerns, and issues of access, especially in developing countries, persist. Therefore, addressing these grey areas is crucial for wide adoption and sustainable progress in molecular plant breeding.