Aquaculture plays a crucial role in global food security and economic growth. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have introduced innovative solutions to improve production, efficiency, and sustainability in this sector. Applications include fish health management, dietary supplementation with nutraceuticals, seafood processing and preservation, and water treatment. These technologies not only enhance growth and quality but also help reduce the environmental impact of aquaculture operations. This review highlights the current applications, future prospects, and governance issues related to nanomaterials in aquaculture, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize the industry while ensuring safety, sustainability, and long-term viability.