The global agri-food system stands at a critical juncture where traditional linear production models?characterized by a "take-make-dispose" approach?are fundamentally incompatible with planetary boundaries and sustainable development imperatives. This comprehensive review examines the transformative potential of circular economy innovations within agri-food systems and their strategic alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through systematic analysis of emerging technologies, policy frameworks, and implementation strategies, we demonstrate that circular approaches can simultaneously address food security challenges while advancing environmental sustainability. Our analysis reveals that circular economy innovations contribute most significantly to SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), while generating synergistic benefits across multiple development objectives. The review synthesizes evidence from precision agriculture, regenerative farming practices, food waste valorization, and digital transformation initiatives to present a roadmap for systemic change. We conclude that the transition to circular agri-food systems requires coordinated action across technological innovation, policy reform, and stakeholder engagement to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.