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Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban Soils: Sources, Risks, and Remediation Strategies

Heavy metal contamination in urban soils poses significant environmental and public health risks. Urbanization, industrial activities, and vehicular emissions are major contributors to elevated levels of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) in soils. This article reviews the primary sources of heavy metal contamination in urban areas, examines the health and ecological risks associated with such pollution, and explores various remediation strategies to reduce contamination and mitigate its impact on human and environmental health.