Cucurbitaceous crops are particularly important in the Indian agriculture as they contribute a lot to food security, economic stability and nutritional wellness. The study draws attention to the diverse uses of crops such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) ranging from cooking to medicinal purposes. Traditional and modern farming systems are analyzed which demonstrates the benefits of local wisdom vis-a-vis sophisticated agricultural technologies. Climate change, soil degradation, and resource overexploitation challenges call for sustainable practices such as grafting and agrivoltaics. On top of that, this research underscores the importance of pollinators as well as organic farming in enhancing productivity, while also increasing resilience.