Climate change is posing a serious threat to global agriculture, affecting crop production, livestock, fisheries and overall food security. Rising temperatures, erratic rainfall and extreme weather events are leading to significant yield loss in major food crops and leading to economic instability among farmers. Climate-resilient agriculture has emerged as a sustainable approach to address these challenges by enhancing adaptive capacity, improving productivity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This article highlights the impact of climate change on agriculture and discusses key adaptation strategies, extension services and institutional support systems necessary for building resilience in agriculture.

Tomato is an important vegetable crop in India. For small farmers, it is one of their key sources of revenue. However, insect pests frequently attack tomato crop, with Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) being the most notorious among them in India. The farmer communities who cultivate tomatoes use very high levels of chemical pesticide. The agro-ecosystem and human health are under danger because of the alarming rise in the chemical management of Helicoverpa. However, this practice has resulted in the creation of pests that are resistant. Consequently, there is increasing interest in creating sustainable management techniques that rely less on chemical pesticides. A thorough understanding of pest biology and dissemination demands in-depth expertise to achieve such a great aim. An integrated pest management strategy that is working to produce healthier crops and maintain a better sustainable agro-ecosystem is necessary for management of Helicoverpa. The primary objective of integrated pest management is to keep pest populations below levels that cause economic damage. The integration of suitable measures prevents the growth of the pest population. With the least amount of harm to the agro-ecosystem, integrated pest management seeks to cultivate healthy crops. 90% of fruit can be harmed by Helicoverpa, which also reduces production by 30-40%.

Maize is a major cereal crop grown extensively for food purposes, feed and industrial purposes. Weed infestation is a major constraint reducing maize productivity, particularly during early crop growth stages. Weeds compete with cultivated crops for essential resources such as nutrients, water and sunlight and space, causing substantial yield losses. Weed flora in maize mainly includes grasses, broad-leaved weeds and sedges. Integrated Weed Management (IWM), involving cultural, mechanical and chemical approaches, is considered an effective and sustainable strategy for weed control. Modern technologies such as drone spraying and AI-based weed identification are further improving weed management efficiency. This article highlights major weed flora and sustainable techniques for weed management in maize ecosystem.