Reproductive biotechnology has revolutionized livestock breeding by enhancing genetic improvement, increasing productivity, and ensuring sustainability in animal agriculture. This article explores the role of advanced reproductive technologies in accelerating genetic gains, improving desirable traits, and preserving valuable genetic resources. Key biotechnological interventions such as artificial insemination (AI), multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET), in vitro fertilization (IVF), cryopreservation, and cloning are discussed, along with their applications in livestock improvement. Additionally, cutting-edge techniques like gene editing, genomic selection, and transgenesis are examined for their potential to reshape the future of animal breeding. The article also highlights the economic, ethical, and regulatory challenges associated with these technologies and their impact on global livestock production. By integrating reproductive biotechnology with genetic advancements, the livestock industry can achieve sustainable growth, enhance disease resistance, and meet the increasing demands for animal-derived products. Future perspectives on emerging innovations and their implications for precision breeding are also explored.

Plant-based ingredients, whether terrestrial or aquatic, have been recognized as promising alternatives to conventional animal-derived ingredients in aquafeeds. However, many plantbased feedstuffs are low in protein, deficient in essential fatty acids (EFAs) and essential amino acids (EAAs), and contain antinutritional factors (ANFs) that reduce nutrient availability, digestibility, and feed palatability. Microbial fermentation, a cost-effective and biologically driven processing technique, has emerged as a promising solution to enhance the nutritional value of plant-based ingredients while facilitating the utilization of nonconventional resources, thereby reducing reliance on conventional feed sources. Fermentation has been shown to improve nutrient availability and bioavailability, increase palatability and digestibility, and degrade ANFs, ultimately enhancing fish growth and health performance. By integrating fermentation into aquafeed production, sustainable and costeffective aquaculture can be achieved, ensuring improved feed efficiency and reduced environmental impact.

Climate change poses significant challenges to global agriculture, particularly for smallholder farmers who are most vulnerable to its effects. Unpredictable weather patterns, including droughts, floods, and temperature extremes, threaten crop yields and food security. Plant breeding, a key agricultural science, offers solutions to these challenges by developing crop varieties with enhanced resilience to environmental stress. This review examines modern plant breeding techniques, including marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and CRISPR-based gene editing, and their potential to combat climate change impacts on smallholder farms. The article explores how these technologies can improve traits such as drought tolerance, heat resistance, and disease resilience in crops, thereby increasing their adaptability to climate stressors. Additionally, it highlights the importance of farmer participation in breeding programs, the need for accessible seed systems, and the role of agricultural extension services in ensuring the successful adoption of these innovations. Ultimately, this review underscores the potential of plant breeding to enhance food security and sustainability for smallholder farmers in the face of climate change, emphasizing the importance of integrating scientific advancements with practical, farmer-centered approaches.