Biofilms are highly organized, surface-attached microbial communities embedded within an extracellular polymeric matrix that enhance microbial survival, adaptability, and ecological success. Originating over 3.4 billion years ago, biofilms represent the dominant mode of microbial life and provide cells with protection from environmental stress, antimicrobial agents, and host immune responses. Biofilm development proceeds through sequential stages, initial attachment, irreversible adhesion, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion. Each regulated by complex molecular networks involving quorum sensing, second messengers such as c-di-GMP, and stress-response pathways. The biofilm mode of growth supports metabolic cooperation, efficient nutrient retention, and elevated horizontal gene transfer. Biofilms play critical roles across natural ecosystems, industrial systems, and clinical environments, contributing to both beneficial outcomes (e.g., wastewater treatment, bioremediation, plant growth promotion) and detrimental effects such as biofouling, corrosion, and persistent infections. Understanding the structural, molecular, and functional aspects of biofilms is essential for developing effective strategies for their control and harnessing their potential in environmental and biotechnological applications.

Dogs? extraordinary sense of smell is being harnessed in groundbreaking ways to detect human diseases, including cancer, Parkinson?s disease, and COVID-19. Recent studies demonstrate that trained detection dogs can identify unique volatile organic compound (VOC) signatures associated with illnesses, achieving sensitivities and specificities comparable to or sometimes exceeding standard diagnostic methods. This article explores the science behind canine olfaction, recent high-impact findings, real-world applications, and the potential and challenges of integrating detection dogs into modern healthcare.

Egg shell plays an important role influencing consumer attraction and purchasing decision towards egg. Egg shell colour may not directly cause a significant in hatchability of egg, rather the shell colour may be an indicator of some of the traits of eggs such as shell quality and thickness, breaking strength and freshness of egg etc. Hatchability itself is a broad term which depends on many factors such as on age of birds at the time of collection of eggs, shell cleanliness, shell quality, storage position and period, storage temperature and humidity, and other factors necessary for incubation of eggs.